“…Examples of common metal oxide-based nanoparticles are iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ), silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), cerium oxide (CeO 2 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), and many more [ 170 , 171 , 172 ]. As such, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been used for tumour-targeted gene delivery [ 173 ], owing to their propitious properties, such as ease of chemical functionalization, high biocompatibility, low toxicity, direct synthesis methods, and superior magnetic responsiveness [ 174 , 175 , 176 , 177 ].…”