An update on pathophysiology and treatment of sports-mediated brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a public health menace responsible for millions of fatalities and disabilities. Numerous drugs available provide symptomatic relief but cannot stop the progress of secondary injury; thus, it is required to discover newer therapeutic agents that protect neuronal damage after trauma, predominantly in secondary injury. Thus the present study was designed to study the pharmacological potential of zonisamide and Nigella sativa (NS) per se and in combination, using high‐impact trauma device (HIT)‐induced TBI model in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies). Oregon R+ strains of fruit flies were pre‐treated, 24 h before TBI, with different concentrations of zonisamide, NS, and their combination. The mortality rate was observed at 0 h, 6 h, and 24 h, followed by measurement of locomotor activity using climbing assay after 6 h and 24 h of TBI. Furthermore, the level of AChE and various neurotransmitters were measured along with different oxidative stress parameters at 24 h after the injury. Administration of zonisamide and NS significantly reduced mortality rate and improved locomotor activity. Both zonisamide and NS elevate levels of AChE, GABA, serotonin, and dopamine level in fruit flies, along with a significant reduction in glutamate levels. Moreover, a concentration‐dependent elevation in SOD, GSH, and catalase level and a decrease in MDA and nitrite levels were observed. Co‐administration of zonisamide and NS showed tremendous neuroprotective potential by lowering behavior impairments, oxidative damages, and restoring altered neurotransmitter levels in fruit flies compared with individual administration and thus can employ as a better therapeutic medicine for the treatment of TBI.

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“…head triggers unconsciousness, skull fractures, intracranial injury, and neurophysiological changes [5,6].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacological potential of zonisamide and Nigella sativa per se and combination in high‐impact trauma device‐induced traumatic brain injury in Drosophila melanogaster

Kumar

Singh

2022

Fundamemntal Clinical Pharma

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“…The controlled release of pharmaceutical preparations is an important aspect that doctors take into account both when prescribing drug doses and when administering food supplements [ 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitosan–sEPDM and Melatonin–Chitosan–sEPDM Composite Membranes for Melatonin Transport and Release

et al. 2023

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Melatonin is the hormone that focuses the attention of the researchers in the medical, pharmaceutical, materials, and membranes fields due to its multiple biomedical implications. The variety of techniques and methods for the controlled release of melatonin is linked to the multitude of applications, among which sports medicine occupies a special place. This paper presents the preparation and characterization of composite membranes based on chitosan (Chi) and sulfonated ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (sEPDM). The membranes were obtained by controlled vacuum evaporation from an 8% sEPDM solution in toluene (w/w), in which chitosan was dispersed in an ultrasonic field (sEPDM:Chi = 1:1, w/w). For the comparative evaluation of the membranes’ performances, a melatonin-chitosan-sulfonated ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (Mel:Chi:sEPDM = 0.5:0.5:1.0, w/w/w) test membrane was made. The prepared membranes were morphologically and structurally characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis (EDAX), thermal analysis (TG, DSC), thermal analysis coupled with chromatography and infrared analysis, and contact angle measurements, but also from the point of view of performance in the process of transport and release of melatonin in dedicated environments (aqueous solutions with controlled pH and salinity). The prepared membranes can release melatonin in amounts between 0.4 mg/cm2·per day (sEPDM), 1.6 mg/ cm2·per day (Chi/sEPDM), and 1.25 mg/cm2·per day (Mel/Chi/SEPDM).

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“…[74] Currently, herbal remedies, traditional supplements, and natural enzymes are often used for brain injuries to accelerate healing. [75] Choosing a suitable material to accelerate brain injury healing is crucial for treating brain injury. Rh-based nanozymes provide a new and efficient way to promote healing in brain injury.…”

Section: Suturing Of Brain Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Brain injury is defined as organic damage to brain tissue caused by violence to the head and is now one of the ordinary and complex challenges of biological therapy [74] . Currently, herbal remedies, traditional supplements, and natural enzymes are often used for brain injuries to accelerate healing [75] . Choosing a suitable material to accelerate brain injury healing is crucial for treating brain injury.…”

Section: Application Of Rhodium‐based Nanozymesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhodium‐Based Nanozymes: Recent Advances and Challenges

Dai

Sun

et al. 2023

The Chemical Record

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Rhodium (Rh) is a non‐toxic transition metal used as various nanomaterials with unique structures and properties. Rh‐based nanozymes can mimic the activities of natural enzymes, overcome the limitation of the application scope of natural enzymes, and interact with various biological microenvironments to play a variety of functions. Rh‐based nanozymes can be synthesized in various ways, and different modification and regulation methods can also enable users to control catalytic performance by adjusting enzyme active sites. The construction of Rh‐based nanozymes has attracted great interest in the biomedical field and impacted the industry and other areas. This paper reviews the typical synthesis and modification strategies, unique properties, applications, challenges, and prospects of Rh‐based nanozymes. Next, the unique features of Rh‐based nanozymes are emphasized, including adjustable enzyme‐like activity, stability, and biocompatibility. In addition, we discuss Rh‐based nanozymes biosensors and detection, biomedical therapy, and industrial and other applications. Finally, the future challenges and prospects of Rh‐based nanozymes are proposed.

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An update on pathophysiology and treatment of sports-mediated brain injury

Cited by 6 publications

References 115 publications

Pharmacological potential of zonisamide and Nigella sativa per se and combination in high‐impact trauma device‐induced traumatic brain injury in Drosophila melanogaster

Pharmacological potential of zonisamide and Nigella sativa per se and combination in high‐impact trauma device‐induced traumatic brain injury in Drosophila melanogaster

Chitosan–sEPDM and Melatonin–Chitosan–sEPDM Composite Membranes for Melatonin Transport and Release

Rhodium‐Based Nanozymes: Recent Advances and Challenges

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