An unsupported common view: Comparing Japan and the U.S. on individualism/collectivism

Takano, Yohtaro; Osaka, Eiko

doi:10.1111/1467-839x.00043

Cited by 251 publications

(210 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Park & Levine, 1999;Singelis & Brown, 1995). However, this approach reinforces stereotypes by assuming that a nation is collectivistic or individualistic when in fact national samples may not vary as predicted (Matsumoto, 1999;Oyserman et al, 2002;Takano & Osaka, 1999). Since measures of I-C and self-construals often share similar items, few studies have attempted to investigate their relationship empirically.…”

Section: Study 2c: Associations With Cultural Individualism and Collementioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the ‘east–west’ dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood.

Vignoles¹,

Owe²,

Becker³

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

415

375

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Copyright and reuse:Sussex Research Online is a digital repository of the research output of the University.Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable, the material made available in SRO has been checked for eligibility before being made available.Copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way.Article accepted for publication in Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xge0000175 © American Psychological Association (APA) This article may not exactly replicate the authoritative document published in the APA journal. It is not the copy of record. contrast between independence and interdependence does not adequately capture the diverse models of selfhood that prevail in different world regions. Cultural groups emphasize different ways of being both independent and interdependent, depending on individualism-collectivism, national socioeconomic development, and religious heritage. Our seven-dimensional model will allow future researchers to test more accurately the implications of cultural models of selfhood for psychological processes in diverse ecocultural contexts.Keywords: CULTURE; SELF-CONSTRUALS; INDEPENDENCE-INTERDEPENDENCE Twenty-five years ago, Markus and Kitayama (1991) published their classic article on culture and the self, proposing that people in different parts of the world tend to construe themselves in two fundamentally different ways. They argued that Western cultures are unusual in promoting an independent view of the self as bounded, unitary, stable, and separate from the social context, whereas cultures in other parts of the world emphasize an interdependent view of the self as closely connected to others, fluid, and contextually embedded. They proposed that people with independent self-construals would strive for self-expression, uniqueness, and self-actualization, basing their actions on personal thoughts, feelings, and goals. In contrast, people with interdependent self-construals would strive to fit in and maintain social harmony, basing their actions on situationally defined norms and expectations.Markus and Kitayama's (1991) proposals had a dramatic impact on social, personality and developmental psychology, challenging ethnocentric assumptions, drawing attention to cultural diversity, and providing conceptual tools for theorizing about it. Social and personality psychologists used measures and manipulations of self-construals to predict numerous outcomes: cognitive styles, well-being, self-regulation, selfesteem, communication styles, social anxiety, and pro...

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Section: Study 2c: Associations With Cultural Individualism and Collementioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the ‘east–west’ dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood.

Vignoles¹,

Owe²,

Becker³

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

415

375

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Nevertheless, because this study did not demonstrate that the cross-cultural differences were mediated by individual differences in self-construals, one cannot conclude that the mechanism underlying the differences was, in fact, due to selfconstruals. Such research is particularly important in light of the fact that a number of researchers have challenged the validity of Markus and Kitayama's framework for explaining cross-cultural differences in psychological phenomena (e.g., Matsumoto, 1999;Takano & Osaka, 1999; for rebuttal see Heine et al, 2002).…”

Section: Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐esteem, perception of relationships, and emotional distress: A cross‐cultural study

Abe

2004

Personal Relationships

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This study examined the relative importance of self-esteem, family cohesion, and support from friends in predicting depressed mood and anxiety in Japanese and American college students. Contrary to expectations, self-esteem was the strongest predictor of emotional distress in both groups of students. Nevertheless, consistent with predictions derived from Markus and Kitayama's theory of self-construals, family cohesion accounted for a significantly larger percentage of the variance in predicting emotional distress in Japan than in the United States. In both countries, the relations between support from friends and the measures of emotional distress were entirely mediated by self-esteem. However, among Japanese students, family cohesion accounted for additional significant variance in predicting the measures of emotional distress, even after controlling for self-esteem.

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“…Other reviews have found little evidence for the individualisticcollectivistic distinction. For example, Takano and Osaka (1999) found that 14 out of 15 studies reviewed did not support the theory that the US is a more individualistic and less collectivistic culture than Japan. As concluded by Voronov and Singer (2002) perhaps a reductionist view of cultures pertaining to either a collectivist or individualist framework is simply inadequate.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Imagining the future: A cross-cultural perspective on possible selves

Rathbone

Salgado

Akan

et al. 2016

Consciousness and Cognition

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This study examined the impact of culture on the qualitative and quantitative features of possible selves. Young adults from Turkey (n = 55), Serbia (n = 64), and the United Kingdom (n = 73) generated images of eight possible selves (e.g. I will be a doctor) which were dated and rated for vividness, positivity, imagery perspective, rehearsal, and according to whether or not they involved other people. All possible selves were coded according to categories (e.g. job, parenthood, self-improvement). There were cross-cultural differences in the types of possible selves generated and in the ratings for vividness, positivity, and rehearsal. Across all three cultures, specific possible selves were more frequently generated than abstract possible selves. Specific possible selves were rated as significantly more vivid and were dated as emerging later than abstract possible selves. Results are discussed with reference to cultural life scripts and the effects of culture on future cognitions.

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An unsupported common view: Comparing Japan and the U.S. on individualism/collectivism

Cited by 251 publications

References 63 publications

Beyond the ‘east–west’ dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood.

Beyond the ‘east–west’ dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood.

Self‐esteem, perception of relationships, and emotional distress: A cross‐cultural study

Imagining the future: A cross-cultural perspective on possible selves

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