“…Engineers have used reactive AI assistance tools in both product design (Koch and Paris-Saclay, 2017) and concurrent-engineering design (Jin and Levit, 1996). In addition, AI assistance has been used at the concept generation (Camburn, Arlitt, et al, 2020), concept evaluation (Camburn, He, et al, 2020), prototyping (Dering et al, 2018), and manufacturing (Williams et al, 2019) stages,. Work has studied the impacts of AI assistance in aspects of engineering design, including decisionmaking, optimization, and computational tasks Rao et al, 1999), and its effects on mental workload, effort, and frustration (Maier et al, 2020(Maier et al, , 2021.…”