“…A more powerful PLC-MVM for unitary spatial mode manipulation was proved with multiplane light conversion (MPLC) 44 , 45 , in which the input/output vectors are distributed in the whole two-dimensional plane, and the scale is proportional to . Afterwards, the MPLC technique was widely used in various fields, such as for all-optical machine learning 46 – 48 , the Laguerre-Gaussian or orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode sorter 49 , 50 , the photonic Ising machine 51 , 52 , time-reversed optical waves 53 , optical logic operations 54 , optical encryption and perceptrons 55 , 56 , optical hybrid 57 and neuromorphic optoelectronic computing 58 . Although MPLC can achieve ultralarge-scale MVMs, the devices are bulky, and the reprogramming speed for weight encoding is still limited.…”