An overview of toughening polylactic acid by an elastomer

Alias, Nur Fazreen; Ismail, Hanafi

doi:10.1080/25740881.2018.1563118

Cited by 35 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…This behavior was confirmed for the plasticized ternary blends for which a torque decrement (below the torque value of the pure rubbers) was registered ( Figure 5). These results are related to the lubricating effect and enhanced chain mobility that the addition of plasticizers does (Alias and Ismail, 2019). This viscosity decrement was also reflected in the processing conditions: the extrusion temperature profile was decreased of 5 • C and also the injection temperature profile was decreased ( Table 2).…”

Section: Effect Of Plasticizers On Ternary Blendsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Three different steps are involved during the deformation of rubber-toughened polymers: elastic deformation, plastic strain softening, and strain hardening in yielding zone. Due to stress concentrations around rubber particles, they started to deform and induce cavitation (Alias and Ismail, 2019). The dominant mechanism of micromechanical deformation varies and it is influenced by the chemical structure deformation, the composition of the matrix material, and also by the test temperature, the strain rate and the morphology (shape and size of the rubber particles) (Michler and Bucknall, 2001;Li and Shimizu, 2009).…”

Section: Blend Namementioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal, Mechanical and Micromechanical Analysis of PLA/PBAT/POE-g-GMA Extruded Ternary Blends

et al. 2020

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In order to toughen Poly(lactic) acid and binary blends with low PBAT content while maintaining a high biodegradability of the final material, poly(lactic) acid (PLA)/poly(butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)/ polyolefin elastomer grafted with glycidyl methacrylate (POE-g-GMA) extruded ternary blends have been investigated in this work from a thermal, mechanical, and rheological point of view. The two elastomers have been added in different amounts as dispersed phases into the PLA matrix, paying attention to the final objective: the design of a 90% biodegradable formulation according to EN 13432. These ternary blends exhibited improved impact properties but still low elongation at break. Consequently, to the ternary composition with the best compromise of PLA quantity, biodegradability and thermo-mechanical properties (81 wt.% PLA, 9 wt.% PBAT, and 10 wt.% POE-g-GMA) a small quantity (10 wt.%) of a biobased plasticizer was added in order to further increase the impact properties in parallel with the tensile flexibility. Two types of plasticizers were investigated, one not reactive [Acetyl Tributyl Citrate (ATBC)], and one reactive [Glycidyl ether (EJ-400)]. A micromechanical study, in order to investigate the toughening mechanism of these systems, was carried out on the final formulations. They were also examined by dilatometric tests and elastoplastic fracture mechanics correlating the data obtained to the morphology and to the rheological properties. In conclusion, the best compromise between impact, tensile properties and biodegradability content was achieved using the reactive plasticizer (EJ-400) whose interaction with the matrix is confirmed by the FT-IR analysis.

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Section: Effect Of Plasticizers On Ternary Blendsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Blend Namementioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal, Mechanical and Micromechanical Analysis of PLA/PBAT/POE-g-GMA Extruded Ternary Blends

et al. 2020

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“…Elastomers can be natural rubber (NR) obtained from natural rubber latex or synthetic rubbers such as epoxidized natural rubber, cis ‐1,4‐polyisoprene, liquid polybutadiene (LPB), ethylene propylene diene (EPDM), acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), silicone rubber and so on. The overview of toughening PLA by elastomers has been well reported by Alias and Ismail . Most polymer pairs, however, are thermodynamically immiscible, leading to heterogeneous morphologies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effect of acrylonitrile content of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber on mechanical and thermal properties of dynamically vulcanized poly(lactic acid) blends

Samthong

Kunanusont

Deetuam

et al. 2019

Polymer International

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We report here the morphology, thermal and tensile properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends composed of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) with different acrylonitrile contents with/without dynamic vulcanization by dicumyl peroxide (DCP). The interfacial tension of PLA and NBR measured by contact angle measurement decreased as the acrylonitrile content of NBR decreased. Likewise, SEM images showed that the rubber particle size reduced with decreasing acrylonitrile content owing to the stronger interfacial adhesion between the PLA matrix and NBR domains. Incorporation of DCP at 1.0 phr for dynamic vulcanization led to higher crosslink density and, in turn, optimal tensile strength and tensile toughness as a result of the action of PLA-NBR copolymer as a reactive compatibilizer. The dynamic vulcanization of the blends containing low acrylonitrile NBR gave the most improved tensile properties because the free radicals from DCP decomposition preferentially attacked the allylic hydrogen atoms or double bonds of the butadiene backbone. Accordingly, more NBR macroradicals were generated and probably more PLA-NBR copolymers were produced. Moreover, further addition of DCP at 2.0 phr provided a large amount of crosslinked NBR gel, which significantly degraded the tensile properties. From the DSC results, dynamic vulcanization lowered the cold crystallization temperature, implying an improvement of cold crystallization. Finally, TGA results showed a higher degradation temperature as a function of DCP content, which suggested that thermal stability increased due to stronger interfacial adhesion as well as higher gel content.

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“… 13 For instance, nonbiodegradable rubbers such as acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber are commonly employed to toughen brittle biopolymers such as poly(lactide acid), one of the most commonly used biodegradable polymers. 14 The dispersed particles can be released from the blends during biodegradation of the polymer matrix, for instance, in soil, water, and industrial composting sites, especially when these are not biodegradable or more slowly biodegradable than the matrix. Biodegradation is usually also a surface-dominated process, 14 which can lead to a gradual release of dispersed microplastics from the polymer blend ( Figure 1 f).…”

Section: Microplastics In Biodegradable Polymer Blendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microplastics Originating from Polymer Blends: An Emerging Threat?

Wei

Nilsson

Yin

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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No one can have missed the growing global environmental problems with plastics ending up as microplastics in food, water, and soil, and the associated effects on nature, wildlife, and humans. A hitherto not specifically investigated source of microplastics is polymer blends. A 1 g polymer blend can contain millions to billions of micrometer-sized species of the dispersed phase and therefore aging-induced fragmentation of the polymer blends can lead to the release of an enormous amount of microplastics. Especially if the stability of the dispersed material is higher than that of the surrounding matrix, the risk of microplastic migration is notable, for instance, if the matrix material is biodegradable and the dispersed material is not. The release can also be much faster if the matrix polymer is biodegradable. The purpose of writing this feature article is to arise public and academic attention to the large microplastic risk from polymer blends during their development, production, use, and waste handling.

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An overview of toughening polylactic acid by an elastomer

Cited by 35 publications

References 75 publications

Thermal, Mechanical and Micromechanical Analysis of PLA/PBAT/POE-g-GMA Extruded Ternary Blends

Thermal, Mechanical and Micromechanical Analysis of PLA/PBAT/POE-g-GMA Extruded Ternary Blends

Effect of acrylonitrile content of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber on mechanical and thermal properties of dynamically vulcanized poly(lactic acid) blends

Microplastics Originating from Polymer Blends: An Emerging Threat?

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