An overview of the toxicology and toxicokinetics of fusarenon-X, a type B trichothecene mycotoxin

Aupanun, Sawinee; Poapolathep, Saranya; Giorgi, Mario; Poapolathep, Amnart

doi:10.1292/jvms.16-0008

Cited by 30 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…261,262 Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced during consecutive enzyme reactions via several biochemically simple intermediary products from the primary metabolism of acetates, mevalonates, malonite, and some amino acids. 263 The contamination of foods and animal feeds with mycotoxins is a worldwide problem, and formation of mycotoxins by many important phytopathogenic and food spoilage fungi is undoubtedly one of the most significant risk factors to mammalian health. 264 Mycotoxins are categorized by fungal species, structure, and (or) mode of action.…”

Section: Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal infections in animals: a patchwork of different situations

et al. 2018

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The importance of fungal infections in both human and animals has increased over the last decades. This article represents an overview of the different categories of fungal infections that can be encountered in animals originating from environmental sources without transmission to humans. In addition, the endemic infections with indirect transmission from the environment, the zoophilic fungal pathogens with near-direct transmission, the zoonotic fungi that can be directly transmitted from animals to humans, mycotoxicoses and antifungal resistance in animals will also be discussed. Opportunistic mycoses are responsible for a wide range of diseases from localized infections to fatal disseminated diseases, such as aspergillosis, mucormycosis, candidiasis, cryptococcosis and infections caused by melanized fungi. The amphibian fungal disease chytridiomycosis and the Bat White-nose syndrome are due to obligatory fungal pathogens. Zoonotic agents are naturally transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans and vice versa. The list of zoonotic fungal agents is limited but some species, like Microsporum canis and Sporothrix brasiliensis from cats, have a strong public health impact. Mycotoxins are defined as the chemicals of fungal origin being toxic for warm-blooded vertebrates. Intoxications by aflatoxins and ochratoxins represent a threat for both human and animal health. Resistance to antifungals can occur in different animal species that receive these drugs, although the true epidemiology of resistance in animals is unknown, and options to treat infections caused by resistant infections are limited.

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Section: Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal infections in animals: a patchwork of different situations

et al. 2018

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“…Maize and wheat by-products especially bran, are common ingredients used to manufacture fish feeds in Kenya [ 26 ]. FUSX, an acetylated NIV [ 100 ], causes immunosuppression, intestinal malabsorption, developmental toxicity and genotoxicity [ 101 ]. Toxicity data on HT2 are very limited, however, since HT2 is a major metabolite of T-2 toxin, the toxicity of T2 in vivo is considered to include that of HT-2 toxin [ 102 ] and these include weight reduction, liver damage, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity as well as haematotoxic and immunotoxic effects [ 103 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-Occurrence and Levels of Mycotoxins in Fish Feeds in Kenya

Mwihia

Lyche

Mbuthia

et al. 2020

Toxins

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This study determined the presence, levels and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in fish feeds in Kenya. Seventy-eight fish feeds and ingredients were sampled from fish farms and fish feed manufacturing plants and analysed for 40 mycotoxins using high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Twenty-nine (73%) mycotoxins were identified with 76 (97%) samples testing positive for mycotoxins presence. Mycotoxins with the highest prevalences were enniatin B (91%), deoxynivalenol (76%) and fumonisin B1 (54%) while those with the highest maximum levels were sterigmatocystin (<30.5–3517.1 µg/kg); moniliformin (<218.9–2583.4 µg/kg) and ergotamine (<29.3–1895.6 µg/kg). Mycotoxin co-occurrence was observed in 68 (87%) samples. Correlations were observed between the fumonisins; enniatins B and zearalenone and its metabolites. Fish dietary exposure estimates ranged between <0.16 and 43.38 µg/kg body weight per day. This study shows evidence of mycotoxin presence and co-occurrence in fish feeds and feed ingredients in Kenya. Fish exposure to these levels of mycotoxins over a long period of time may lead to adverse health effects due to their possible additive, synergistic or antagonist toxic effects. Measures to reduce fish feed mycotoxin contamination should be taken to avoid mycotoxicosis in fish and subsequently in humans and animals through residues.

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“…Information on exposure to other trichothecenes through biomarker analysis is scarce to nonexistent due to the lack of reliable biomarkers. In general, chronic exposure to trichothecenes causes reduced growth and adverse effects on thymus, spleen, heart, and liver (Aupanun, Poapolathep, Giorgi, Imsilp, & Poapolathep, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxin Biomarkers of Exposure: A Comprehensive Review

Vidal

Mengelers

Yang³

et al. 2018

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

154

137

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To date, the use of biomarkers has become generally accepted. Biomarker-driven research has been proposed as a successful method to assess the exposure to xenobiotics by using concentrations of the parent compounds and/or metabolites in biological matrices such as urine or blood. However, the identification and validation of biomarkers of exposure remain a challenge. Recent advances in high-resolution mass spectrometry along with new analytical (postacquisition data-mining) techniques will improve the quality and output of the biomarker identification process. Chronic or even acute exposure to mycotoxins remains a daily fact, and therefore it is crucial that the mycotoxins' metabolism is unravelled so more knowledge on biomarkers in humans and animals is acquired. This review aims to provide the scientific community with a comprehensive overview of reported in vitro and in vivo mycotoxin metabolism studies in relation to biomarkers of exposure for deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenon-X, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, ochratoxin A, citrinin, fumonisins, zearalenone, aflatoxins, and sterigmatocystin.

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An overview of the toxicology and toxicokinetics of fusarenon-X, a type B trichothecene mycotoxin

Cited by 30 publications

References 56 publications

Fungal infections in animals: a patchwork of different situations

Fungal infections in animals: a patchwork of different situations

Co-Occurrence and Levels of Mycotoxins in Fish Feeds in Kenya

Mycotoxin Biomarkers of Exposure: A Comprehensive Review

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