An Overview of the Partitioning and Bioavailability of PAHs in Sediments and Soils

Burgess, Robert M.; Ahrens, Michael J.; Hickey, Christopher W.; Besten, P.J. den; Hulscher, D.E.M. ten; Hattum, A.G.M. van; Meador, James P.; Douben, Peter E. T.

doi:10.1002/0470867132.ch7

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…The partitioning of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in sediments is strongly influenced both by the concentrations and forms of organic carbon (e.g., plant-derived or pyrogenic carbon, oils, or tars) and by the size and density of the particles with which they are associated [10][11][12][13][14]. At lower organic carbon concentrations, binding phases, such as clays, become important; at higher organic carbon concentrations, binding to oil and tar may dominate partitioning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At lower organic carbon concentrations, binding phases, such as clays, become important; at higher organic carbon concentrations, binding to oil and tar may dominate partitioning. Be-cause the binding strength of HOCs to carbon from natural biogenic/diagenetic, pyrogenic, coal, oil, and tar sources may vary by several orders of magnitude, the bioavailability of HOCs in sediments is difficult to predict [10][11][12]15]. It is common to normalize concentrations of HOCs to sediment organic carbon concentrations during comparisons with sediment-quality guidelines (SQGs) [16][17][18], but the poor characterization of the concentrations and binding strengths of all sediment organic carbon phases reduces the ability of SQGs to predict toxic effects [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Establishing cause–effect relationships in hydrocarbon‐contaminated sediments using a sublethal response of the benthic marine alga, Entomoneis CF Punctulata

Simpson

Micevska

Adams

et al. 2007

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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A sublethal whole-sediment toxicity test that uses flow cytometry to measure inhibition of esterase activity in the marine microalga Entomoneis cf punctulata was applied to the assessment of hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments and toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE). Concentration-response relationships were developed, and a 20% effect concentration for total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of 60 mg/kg normalized to 1% total organic carbon was calculated. Relationships between toxic effects and sediment organic carbon concentrations, organic carbon forms (e.g., black carbon), and sediment particle size indicated that further normalization of hydrocarbon concentrations to sediment particle size may improve concentration-response relationships. The algal toxicity test was applied as a rapid whole-sediment TIE procedure that involved the addition to sediment of powdered coconut charcoal (PCC), a hydrophobic, carbon-based material that strongly adsorbs PAHs and decreases the pore-water exposure pathway. Sediments with PCC concentrations of up to 15% (w/w) provided acceptable responses in control sediments. For six sediments with total PAH concentrations of 1,060, 4,060, 5,120, 9,150, 9,900, and 15,900 mg/kg, inhibition of E. cf punctulata esterase activity (% of control) was 75, 97, 94, 93, 100, and 97%, respectively. Following a 15% PCC amendment to these sediments, inhibition of esterase activity was 0, 1, 11, 69, 32, and 68%, respectively, indicating a decrease in toxicity in all sediments. Because the alga E. cf punctulata is exposed to toxicants via both pore water and overlying water, the reduction in toxicity achieved by 15% PCC additions can be related to the efficient removal of dissolved hydrocarbons released from sediment particles. The sediment-PCC manipulations coupled with algal whole-sediment toxicity tests provided an effective and rapid TIE method to determine whether hydrocarbon contaminants are responsible for toxicity in sediments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing cause–effect relationships in hydrocarbon‐contaminated sediments using a sublethal response of the benthic marine alga, Entomoneis CF Punctulata

Simpson

Micevska

Adams

et al. 2007

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…The "hot spots" of PAH exposure provide important insights to possible sources of these PAHs in the GoM. In aquatic environments, PAHs primarily originate from petrogenic and pyrogenic sources and to a lesser degree, diagenetic and biogenic sources 40 . Petrogenic sources are the low molecular weight (2-3 aromatic rings, LMW) PAHs created by diagenetic processes at relatively low temperatures and are typically associated with local or point sources, such as oil platforms, refineries, other petroleum industries, vehicle exhaust, evaporated gasoline, diesel fuel, and boat discharge.…”

Section: Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A First Comprehensive Baseline of Hydrocarbon Pollution in Gulf of Mexico Fishes

Pulster

Gracía

Armenteros

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Despite over seven decades of production and hundreds of oil spills per year, there were no comprehensive baselines for petroleum contamination in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) prior to this study. Subsequent to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) spill, we implemented Gulf-wide fish surveys extending over seven years (2011-2018). A total of 2,503 fishes, comprised of 91 species, were sampled from 359 locations and evaluated for biliary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations. The northern GoM had significantly higher total biliary PAH concentrations than the West Florida Shelf, and coastal regions off Mexico and Cuba. The highest concentrations of biliary PAH metabolites occurred in Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares), Golden Tilefish (Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps), and Red Drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). conversely, biliary pAH concentrations were relatively low for most other species including economically important snappers and groupers. While oil contamination in most demersal species in the north central GoM declined in the first few years following DWH, more recent increases in exposure to pAHs in some species suggest a complex interaction between multiple input sources and possible re-suspension or bioturbation of oil-contaminated sediments. this study provides the most comprehensive baselines of PAH exposure in fishes ever conducted for a large marine ecosystem.

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“…Because of their formation or release during the use of fossil fuels by developing and industrialized societies, PAHs are arguably the most widely distributed NOCs globally [74]. Also, PAHs demonstrate several modes of toxicity, including narcosis, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, as well as photoenhanced toxicity [50].…”

Section: Tier-1 Esbs For Nonionic Organic Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanistic sediment quality guidelines based on contaminant bioavailability: Equilibrium partitioning sediment benchmarks

Burgess

Berry

Mount

et al. 2012

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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107

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Abstract-Globally, estimated costs to manage (i.e., remediate and monitor) contaminated sediments are in the billions of U.S. dollars. Biologically based approaches for assessing the contaminated sediments which pose the greatest ecological risk range from toxicity testing to benthic community analysis. In addition, chemically based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) provide a relatively inexpensive line of evidence for supporting these assessments. The present study summarizes a mechanistic SQG based on equilibrium partitioning (EqP), which uses the dissolved concentrations of contaminants in sediment interstitial waters as a surrogate for bioavailable contaminant concentrations. The EqP-based mechanistic SQGs are called equilibrium partitioning sediment benchmarks (ESBs). Sediment concentrations less than or equal to the ESB values are not expected to result in adverse effects and benthic organisms should be protected, while sediment concentrations above the ESB values may result in adverse effects to benthic organisms. In the present study, ESB values are reported for 34 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, 32 other organic contaminants, and seven metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, silver, zinc). Also included is an overview of EqP theory, ESB derivation, examples of applying ESB values, and considerations when using ESBs. The ESBs are intended as a complement to existing sediment-assessment tools, to assist in determining the extent of sediment contamination, to help identify chemicals causing toxicity, and to serve as targets for pollutant loading control measures. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:102-114. # 2012 SETAC

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An Overview of the Partitioning and Bioavailability of PAHs in Sediments and Soils

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Establishing cause–effect relationships in hydrocarbon‐contaminated sediments using a sublethal response of the benthic marine alga, Entomoneis CF Punctulata

Establishing cause–effect relationships in hydrocarbon‐contaminated sediments using a sublethal response of the benthic marine alga, Entomoneis CF Punctulata

A First Comprehensive Baseline of Hydrocarbon Pollution in Gulf of Mexico Fishes

Mechanistic sediment quality guidelines based on contaminant bioavailability: Equilibrium partitioning sediment benchmarks

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