An overview of the occurrence, fate, and human risks of the bisphenol‐A present in plastic materials, components, and products

Abstract

With over 95% of bisphenol-A (BPA) used in the production of polycarbonate (PC) and epoxy resins, termed here as BPAbased plastic materials, components, and products (MCPs), an investigation of human exposure to BPA over the whole lifecycle of BPA-based plastic MCPs is necessary. This mini-review unpacks the implications arising from the long-term human exposure to BPA and its potential accumulation across the lifecycle of BPA-based plastics (production, use, and management). This investigation is timely and necessary in promoting a sustainable circular economy model. Restrictions of BPA in the form of bans and safety standards are often specific to products, while safety limits rely on traditional toxicological and biomonitoring methods that may underestimate human health implications and therefore the "safety" of BPA exposure. Controversies in regards to the: (a) dose-response curves; (b) the complexity of sources, release mechanisms, and pathways of exposure; and/or (c) the quality and reliability of toxicological studies, appear to currently stifle progress toward the regulation of BPA-based plastic MCPs. Due to the abundance of BPA in our MCPs production, consumption, and management systems, there is partial and inadequate evidence on the contribution of BPA-based plastic MCPs to human exposure to BPA. Yet, the production, use, and end-of-life management of plastic MCPs constitute the most critical BPA source and potential exposure pathways that require further investigation. Active collaboration among risk assessors, government, policy-makers, and researchers is needed to explore the impacts of BPA in the long term and introduce restrictions to BPA-based MCPs.

Bisphenol A in Children with Bronchial Asthma and Its Relation to Body Mass Index

“…There was significant positive correlation between urine BPA level and weight SDS (r=0.257, p=0.010), BMI (r=0.249, p=0.012), BMISDS (r=0.313, p=0.001), waist to hip ratio (r=0.342, p>0.001) and waist to height ratio (r=0.263, p=0.008). But there was no significant correlation between urinary BPA level with age, weight, height, height SDS, WC and HC as shown in table (5) and figures (5, 6, 7, 8 and 9).…”

Toxic effects of bisphenol AF on the embryonic development of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma)

“…However, BPA has adverse effects, such as endocrine disruption, the inhibition of neural development, and the promotion of obesity 1,2 . Given the potentially hazardous effects of BPA on humans and the environment, the European Union, China, and the United States have issued regulations to prohibit or limit the use of BPA in food packaging and infant products 3 . BPAF is a fluorinated analogue of BPA and is widely used in the manufacture of fluorinated rubber, electronic products, and optical fibers 1 .…”

“…BPAF is a fluorinated analogue of BPA and is widely used in the manufacture of fluorinated rubber, electronic products, and optical fibers 1 . Currently, the yield of BPAF is lower than that of BPA; however, owing to the increasing demand, the production of BPAF is expected to increase 3 …”

An insight into bisphenol A, food exposure and its adverse effects on health: A review

“…Since then, BPA has been abundantly used in food packaging materials, take-away water bottles, and lacquer coatings for tin cans causing human exposure to BPA via food and drinks ( 2 – 4 ). Furthermore, occupational workers get BPA exposure through direct contact with skin or inhalation, whereas the standard population is exposed to BPA by dust inhalation ( 14 , 15 ). BPA has been linked to several serious health issues in animal model research.…”

“…Beyond this, epoxy resins also have a well-established reputation in manufacturing thermal paper, compact discs (CD), and digital video discs ( 12 , 13 ). Whereas the derivate compounds from BPA are used in tickets and newspapers for antioxidants and stabilizers ( 15 , 24 ) and, in the textiles industry, it is employed for infant socks preparation ( 25 ).…”