An Overview of the Dietary Ingredient Carnitine

Butawan, Matthew; Farney, Tyler M.; McAllister, Matthew J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813922-6.00051-5

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…Thus, entering a larger chain of fatty acids into the mitochondria for catabolism in β-oxidation decreases and indirectly increases blood lipid. [33][34] Using milk of camel for 1.5 months noticeably reduced triacylglycerol, LDL, VLDL, cholesterol, and FFA in plasma, heart, liver, and kidney and improved HDL. 35 After consuming this milk for 180 days in type 1 diabetes, triacylglycerol's and LDL reduced.…”

Section: Cardiovascular Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of Camel Milk on Diabetes Complications and Cardiovascular Disorders

Mohammadabadi¹,

Rehman²,

Jain³

2022

Pak Heart J

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Diabetes is a common metabolic disease that causes cardiovascular disease. Insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs are the treatment for diabetes, but high percentage of patients cannot use allopathic drugs and rely on natural alternative healings. Camel milk with therapeutic properties, is a good source of vitamins C, minerals such as Mn, iron, Cu, Zn; and immunoglobulins compared to cow milk. Insulin of camel milk is a great substitute due to no coagulum formation in the stomach. Raw camel milk increases insulin secretion, reduces insulin resistance and affects signaling and glucose transport. It also decreases the complications due to diabetes like cardiovascular disorders, obesity, oxidative stress and promotes wound healing. There is high amount of unsaturated fatty acids in camel milk for heart health. Also, probiotic bacteria and hypocholesterolemia peptides reduce cholesterol absorption and hence better control of its blood level and cardiovascular issues. Therefore, camel milk is effective in preventing complications due to diabetes and cardiovascular disorders.

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Section: Cardiovascular Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of Camel Milk on Diabetes Complications and Cardiovascular Disorders

Mohammadabadi¹,

Rehman²,

Jain³

2022

Pak Heart J

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“…In another patent from Wuxi Fortune Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., granted in 2018 [114], the gramscale kinetic resolution (Scheme 11) of racemic hidroxynitrile (R,S)-24, obtained from racemic epyclorhydrine (R,S)-23, was reported using an enzymatic transesterification with perchlorophenyl acetate and lipase B from C. antarctica, supported on an acid resin (Novozym 435? ), to obtain acetate (R)-25, which hydrolysis leads to L-carnitine, an essential co-factor in the metabolism of lipids involved in the generation of cellular energy [115,116]. In this process, the biocatalyst (commercial lipases from different origins, the best results being obtained with lipase from B. cepacia) is able to discriminate between the stereoisomers of starting diol 20 (it is not specified in the patent if 20 is a mixture of the four possible stereoisomers, although according to the reported results it must be a racemic mixture of syn enantiomers).…”

Section: Stereoselective Acyl-transfer Catalyzed By Lipasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In another patent from Wuxi Fortune Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., granted in 2018 [114], the gramscale kinetic resolution (Scheme 11) of racemic hidroxynitrile (R,S)-24, obtained from racemic epyclorhydrine (R,S)-23, was reported using an enzymatic transesterification with perchlorophenyl acetate and lipase B from C. antarctica, supported on an acid resin (Novozym 435? ), to obtain acetate (R)-25, which hydrolysis leads to L-carnitine, an essential co-factor in the metabolism of lipids involved in the generation of cellular energy [115,116]. In another patent from Wuxi Fortune Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., granted in 2018 [114], the gram-scale kinetic resolution (Scheme 11) of racemic hidroxynitrile (R,S)-24, obtained from racemic epyclorhydrine (R,S)-23, was reported using an enzymatic transesterification with perchlorophenyl acetate and lipase B from C. antarctica, supported on an acid resin (Novozym 435?…”

Section: Stereoselective Acyl-transfer Catalyzed By Lipasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In another patent from Wuxi Fortune Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., granted in 2018 [114], the gram-scale kinetic resolution (Scheme 11) of racemic hidroxynitrile (R,S)-24, obtained from racemic epyclorhydrine (R,S)-23, was reported using an enzymatic transesterification with perchlorophenyl acetate and lipase B from C. antarctica, supported on an acid resin (Novozym 435? ), to obtain acetate (R)-25, which hydrolysis leads to L-carnitine, an essential co-factor in the metabolism of lipids involved in the generation of cellular energy [115,116] The resolution of chiral amines is a very attractive research area, because of the plethora of applications described for such enantiopure compounds [117,118], which can be obtained by using oxidoreductases [119] (see Section 3.2), transaminases [120] (Section 4), and lipases [121,122], as we will comment here. In fact, different companies have been actively working in this area during the last years.…”

Section: Stereoselective Acyl-transfer Catalyzed By Lipasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biocatalysis as Useful Tool in Asymmetric Synthesis: An Assessment of Recently Granted Patents (2014–2019)

Marı́a¹,

Gonzalo

Alcántara

2019

Catalysts

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The broad interdisciplinary nature of biocatalysis fosters innovation, as different technical fields are interconnected and synergized. A way to depict that innovation is by conducting a survey on patent activities. This paper analyses the intellectual property activities of the last five years (2014–2019) with a specific focus on biocatalysis applied to asymmetric synthesis. Furthermore, to reflect the inventive and innovative steps, only patents that were granted during that period are considered. Patent searches using several keywords (e.g., enzyme names) have been conducted by using several patent engine servers (e.g., Espacenet, SciFinder, Google Patents), with focus on granted patents during the period 2014–2019. Around 200 granted patents have been identified, covering all enzyme types. The inventive pattern focuses on the protection of novel protein sequences, as well as on new substrates. In some other cases, combined processes, multi-step enzymatic reactions, as well as process conditions are the innovative basis. Both industries and academic groups are active in patenting. As a conclusion of this survey, we can assert that biocatalysis is increasingly recognized as a useful tool for asymmetric synthesis and being considered as an innovative option to build IP and protect synthetic routes.

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