An Overview of Sex Bias in C. neoformans Infections

Guess, Tiffany; Rosen, Joseph A; McClelland, Erin E.

doi:10.3390/jof4020049

Cited by 21 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 86 publications

(107 reference statements)

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“…Repeated exposure of C. neoformans in early childhood may be necessary to establish a latent fungal burden which can be reactivated at older age . Sixty per cent of paediatric cryptococcosis patients were male, which is similar to previous studies, supporting the theory that C. neoformans infections might be gender‐related . In terms of infection profiles of paediatric cryptococcosis, the most frequent (84%) symptom was Cryptococcus meningitis, followed by disseminated cryptococcosis (12%) and skin lesions (4%).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Genotypic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from paediatric patients in China

Hong

Chen

et al. 2018

Mycoses

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Cryptococcosis is a life-threatening mycosis primarily occurring in adult patients particularly those with immunosuppression such as HIV infection/AIDS. The number of reported cases of paediatric cryptococcosis has increased in the last decade around the world, including China. However, current information on the characteristics of cryptococcosis in children, particularly the genotypic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of the isolates, is limited. In the present study, a total of 25 paediatric isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans were genotyped using the ISHAM-MLST scheme. In vitro susceptibility to antifungal agents of the 22 isolates was tested using the CLSI M27-A3 method. Our analyses revealed that the genotypic diversity of C. neoformans isolates from Chinese paediatric patients was low, with ST 5 (80%) and ST 31 (12%) S U PP O RTI N G I N FO R M ATI O NAdditional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of the article. Table S1. Details of the MIC for Chinese pediatric C. neoformans isolates for seven antifungals How to cite this article: Hong N, Chen M, Xu N, et al. Genotypic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from paediatric patients in China. Mycoses. 2019;62:171-180. https://doi.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Genotypic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from paediatric patients in China

Hong

Chen

et al. 2018

Mycoses

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“…However, even when evaluating an exposure that should not intuitively differ by sex, such as nearby excavation, 72% of patients were male. Other factors may explain differences by sex, such as hormonal effects, as have been proposed for other diseases (30)(31)(32).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Blastomycosis in Minnesota, USA, 1999–2018

Ireland¹,

Klumb²,

Smith³

et al. 2020

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Blastomycosis is a systemic disease caused by Blastomyces spp. fungi. To determine its epidemiology in blastomycosis-endemic Minnesota, USA, we evaluated all cases reported to public health officials during 1999-2018. We focused on time to diagnosis, exposure activities, and exposure location. A total of 671 cases and a median of 34 cases/year were reported. Median time to diagnosis was 31 days; 61% of patients were not tested for blastomycosis until they were hospitalized. The case-fatality rate was 10%, and patients SYNOPSIS In support of improving patient care, this activity has been planned and implemented by Medscape, LLC and Emerging Infectious Diseases. Medscape, LLC is jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), to provide continuing education for the healthcare team. Medscape, LLC designates this Journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1.00 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. Successful completion of this CME activity, which includes participation in the evaluation component, enables the participant to earn up to 1.0 MOC points in the American Board of Internal Medicine's (ABIM) Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program. Participants will earn MOC points equivalent to the amount of CME credits claimed for the activity. It is the CME activity provider's responsibility to submit participant completion information to ACCME for the purpose of granting ABIM MOC credit. All other clinicians completing this activity will be issued a certificate of participation. To participate in this journal CME activity: (1) review the learning objectives and author disclosures; (2) study the education content; (3) take the post-test with a 75% minimum passing score and complete the evaluation at

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“…In a study in Taiwan, elderly patients were more vulnerable to cryptococcal meningitis than those aged <65 years, and fewer males were affected in the elderly group (57.9%, 22/38) than in non-elderly group (78.7%, 48/61) (Tsai et al, 2019). The sex bias has been explained by the increased incidence of the HIV epidemic in males (Liu et al, 2017;Guess et al, 2018). Nevertheless, in our study, only 4.55% (5/110) were HIV-positive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological, Epidemiological, and Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Cryptococcal Meningitis at a Tertiary Hospital in China: A 6-Year Retrospective Analysis

Zou

Yin

et al. 2020

Front. Microbiol.

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Cryptococcal meningitis, mainly caused by Cryptococcus neoformans/gattii species complexes, is a lethal infection in both immunosuppressive and immunocompetent populations. We characterized 110 Cryptococcus strains collected from Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China during the 6-year study period between 2013 and 2018, and performed their antifungal susceptibility testing. Furthermore, the clinical features, laboratory and imaging data, treatment strategies and outcomes of the subjects were retrospectively analyzed. Of 110 Cryptococcus strains, C. neoformans species complexes accounted for 96.4% (106/110), including C. neoformans sensu stricto (VNI molecular type, 95.5%, 105/110) and Cryptococcus deneoformans (VNIV molecular type, 0.9%, 1/110), and Cryptococcus deuterogattii (VGII molecular type) accounted for 3.6% (4/110). The strains were further classified into 17 individual sequence types (STs) by using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). 89.1% (98/110) were represented by ST5; seven C. deuterogattii strains and one Cryptococcus deneoformans strain were assigned as ST7 and ST260, respectively. Antifungal minimal inhibitory concentrations above the epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs) were found mainly in C. neoformans species complexes strains (nine for amphotericin B, nine for fluconazole and seven for 5-fluorocytosine). Furthermore, 60.9% (67/110) of the subjects were male, and 40.0% (44/110) did not have underlying diseases. Hepatic diseases (hepatitis/HBV carrier status and cirrhosis) were the most common underlying health conditions (11.8%, 13/110), followed by autoimmune disorders (10.9%, 12/110) and chronic kidney disease (6.36%, 7/110). Only 4.5% (5/110) of the patients were HIV/AIDS positives. For clinical presentation, headache (77.3%, 85/110), fever (47.3%, 52/110), and stiff neck (40.9%, 45/110) were commonly observed. The mortality rate

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An Overview of Sex Bias in C. neoformans Infections

Cited by 21 publications

References 86 publications

Genotypic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from paediatric patients in China

Genotypic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from paediatric patients in China

Blastomycosis in Minnesota, USA, 1999–2018

Microbiological, Epidemiological, and Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Cryptococcal Meningitis at a Tertiary Hospital in China: A 6-Year Retrospective Analysis

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