An overview of sample preparation in forensic toxicology

Jones, Sabra; McGowan, Courtney K.; Boyle, Sarah; Ke, Yiling; Chan, Chi Hin Marco; Hwang, Ha-Jin

doi:10.1002/wfs2.1436

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…52,53 Accumulation of formic acid in the body is the fundamental mechanism of methanol-inducing metabolic acidosis during the clinical course of toxicity. 54 Initial renal functions were significantly elevated in patients with high NLR and PLR. In corroboration, several studies correlated increased levels of the NLR, and other inflammatory ratios to the higher risk of development of acute kidney injury among critically ill patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio versus platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio in predicting clinical outcomes in acute methanol poisoning

et al. 2022

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Acute methanol poisoning is a global health concern. This study was designed to compare the prognostic roles of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and their combination in the prediction of clinical outcomes in methanol-intoxicated patients as well as to evaluate their associations with all initial patients’ characteristics. We conducted a cross-sectional study among methanol-intoxicated patients. A total of 109 patients were enrolled in the study. Thirty-four (31%) patients died during hospital admission while 30 (27.5%) patients developed visual loss. Most of the unfavorable findings were evident in patients with high NLR and PLR. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and PLR can excellently differentiate between survivors and non-survivors with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.991 vs 0.923, respectively. Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio showed an accepted discrimination ability to differentiate between patients who developed and patients who did not develop visual loss, AUC of 0.734, however, NLR showed no discrimination, AUC of 0.558. We concluded that NLR and PLR can serve as valuable tools in risk-stratifying patients and prognosticating outcomes in acute methanol poisoning. Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio is superior to NLR as a predictive factor in patients with permanent visual impairment. However, a combination of NLR with PLR can develop a more powerful prediction for overall clinical outcomes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…52,53 Accumulation of formic acid in the body is the fundamental mechanism of methanol-inducing metabolic acidosis during the clinical course of toxicity. 54…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio versus platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio in predicting clinical outcomes in acute methanol poisoning

et al. 2022

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“…The push for broad standards and best practice documents for forensic toxicology demonstrates the need for laboratories to ensure they meet the required capabilities to detect specific classes of drugs commonly encountered in forensic casework and ensure method validity. 71…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Analytical Techniques for Antidepressants Determination in Complex Biological Matrices: A Review

2023

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Depression is one of the most prevalent but severe of mental disorders, affecting thousands of individuals across the globe. Depression, in its most extreme form, may result in self-harm and an increased likelihood of suicide. Antidepressant drugs are first-line medications to treat mental disorders. Unfortunately, these medications are also prescribed for other in- and off-label conditions, such as deficit/hyperactivity disorders, attention disorders, migraine, smoking cessation, eating disorders, fibromyalgia, pain, and insomnia. This results in an increase in the use of antidepressant medications, leading to clinical and forensic overdose cases that could be either accidental or deliberate. The findings revealed that people who used antidepressants had a 33% greater chance of dying sooner than expected, compared to those who did not take the medications. Analytical techniques for precisely identifying and detecting antidepressants and their metabolic products in a variety of biological matrices are greatly needed to be developed and made available. Hence, this study attempts to discuss various analytical techniques used to identify and determine antidepressants in various biological matrices, which include urine, blood, oral fluid (saliva), and tissues, which are commonly encountered in clinical and forensic science laboratories.

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“…Excess of phenylalanine impairs the transport of tyrosine and tryptophan through the blood–brain barrier, inhibits the flux through tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase, and inhibits the synthesis of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin [ 162 ]. Methanol is highly toxic, blindness is the best-known consequence of its ingestion, and it is potentially carcinogenic because it is metabolized into formic acid, which can damage DNA [ 166 ]. Nevertheless, it is supposed that its role in carcinogenesis is unlikely since the amount of methanol generated by aspartame breakdown is negligible [ 161 , 165 ].…”

Section: Aspartate As a Dietary Supplementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aspartic Acid in Health and Disease

Holeček

2023

Nutrients

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Aspartic acid exists in L- and D-isoforms (L-Asp and D-Asp). Most L-Asp is synthesized by mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from oxaloacetate and glutamate acquired by glutamine deamidation, particularly in the liver and tumor cells, and transamination of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), particularly in muscles. The main source of D-Asp is the racemization of L-Asp. L-Asp transported via aspartate–glutamate carrier to the cytosol is used in protein and nucleotide synthesis, gluconeogenesis, urea, and purine-nucleotide cycles, and neurotransmission and via the malate–aspartate shuttle maintains NADH delivery to mitochondria and redox balance. L-Asp released from neurons connects with the glutamate–glutamine cycle and ensures glycolysis and ammonia detoxification in astrocytes. D-Asp has a role in brain development and hypothalamus regulation. The hereditary disorders in L-Asp metabolism include citrullinemia, asparagine synthetase deficiency, Canavan disease, and dicarboxylic aminoaciduria. L-Asp plays a role in the pathogenesis of psychiatric and neurologic disorders and alterations in BCAA levels in diabetes and hyperammonemia. Further research is needed to examine the targeting of L-Asp metabolism as a strategy to fight cancer, the use of L-Asp as a dietary supplement, and the risks of increased L-Asp consumption. The role of D-Asp in the brain warrants studies on its therapeutic potential in psychiatric and neurologic disorders.

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An overview of sample preparation in forensic toxicology

Cited by 10 publications

References 61 publications

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio versus platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio in predicting clinical outcomes in acute methanol poisoning

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio versus platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio in predicting clinical outcomes in acute methanol poisoning

Recent Advances in Analytical Techniques for Antidepressants Determination in Complex Biological Matrices: A Review

Aspartic Acid in Health and Disease

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