An Overview of RNA-Based Scaffolds for Osteogenesis

Abstract

Tissue engineering provides new hope for the combination of cells, scaffolds, and bifactors for bone osteogenesis. This is achieved by mimicking the bone’s natural behavior in recruiting the cell’s molecular machinery for our use. Many researchers have focused on developing an ideal scaffold with specific features, such as good cellular adhesion, cell proliferation, differentiation, host integration, and load bearing. Various types of coating materials (organic and non-organic) have been used to enhance bone osteogenesis. In the last few years, RNA-mediated gene therapy has captured attention as a new tool for bone regeneration. In this review, we discuss the use of RNA molecules in coating and delivery, including messenger RNA (mRNA), RNA interference (RNAi), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) on different types of scaffolds (such as polymers, ceramics, and metals) in osteogenesis research. In addition, the effect of using gene-editing tools—particularly CRISPR systems—to guide RNA scaffolds in bone regeneration is also discussed. Given existing knowledge about various RNAs coating/expression may help to understand the process of bone formation on the scaffolds during osseointegration.

The Impact of mRNA Technology in Regenerative Therapy: Lessons for Oral Tissue Regeneration

“…Scaffolds have been commonly used for tissue regeneration to provide supporting structure, promote cell migration and attachment, and serve as a delivery platform for growth factors and genes. Delivery of mRNA-LNPs with scaffolds could prevent mRNA leakage to ectopic sites, enable a sustained mRNA release, and reduce undesirable off-target effects of mRNA-LNPs (Damiati and Ei-Messieri 2021). Therefore, the mRNA-LNP scaffold complex could offer the advantage of control over spatiotemporal protein expression during the regenerative process.…”

A brief review of mRNA therapeutics and delivery for bone tissue engineering

“…mRNA delivery can be carried out using non-viral vectors (such as lipids and polymers) and provides very good transfection efficiency, whereas viral vectors are required for high transfection efficiency in DNA therapeutics. 8,9…”

“…mRNA delivery can be carried out using non-viral vectors (such as lipids and polymers) and provides very good transfection efficiency, whereas viral vectors are required for high transfection efficiency in DNA therapeutics. 8,9 There have been constant advancements in utilizing mRNA as a therapeutic material and it has been discussed elaborately by various authors. [8][9][10][11] The principles such as mRNA designing, mRNA packing for improvising the delivery has gone through various iterations of research leading to well understood concepts.…”

“…8,9 There have been constant advancements in utilizing mRNA as a therapeutic material and it has been discussed elaborately by various authors. [8][9][10][11] The principles such as mRNA designing, mRNA packing for improvising the delivery has gone through various iterations of research leading to well understood concepts. 10,12 Researchers also work on various strategies to increase the transfection efficiency, improvise on the immune stealth and efficient delivery to specic site, as discussed in the literature.…”

Mineralizing Gelatin Microparticles as Cell Carrier and Drug Delivery System for siRNA for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…Since its discovery in 1998, the development of RNA interference (RNAi) strategies in regenerative medicine have progressed rapidly [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. The RNAi mechanism enables a targeted and post-transcriptional silencing of gene expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) [ 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”