An overview of nanofiber-based antibacterial drug design

Abstract

Conventional administration of antibacterial drugs to the human body can cause vital problems such as dose dependent systemic toxicity and bacterial resistance which prevent the healing process. In this regard, recent studies have been devoted to producing nanofiber based antibacterial drug delivery approaches which surpass bacterial resistance and toxicological issues. Areas covered: This review summarizes latest developments in the production of antibacterial nanofibers, nanofiber based antibacterial action mechanisms and release profiles of nanofibers. In the first section, key challenges of antibacterial nanofibers and release and non-release antibacterial action mechanisms of nanofibers are highlighted. In the second section, routes of antibacterial nanofiber design have been given. Factors affecting drug release mechanisms have been discussed elaborately in the final section. Literature was surveyed from research articles, standard sources (WOS and Scopus) and clinical trials. Expert opinion: New generation nanofibers provide high drug loading capacity and efficiency with their high surface area and tunable pore size. They also enable sustained and controlled release of antibacterial drugs with basic (direct incorporation, physically adsorption or chemically surface modification of antibacterial drugs), advanced (core-shell structure, nanoparticle decorated and multidrug loaded) and smart (stimuli responsive) antibacterial nanofiber design strategies.

Electrospinning Nanofibers for Therapeutics Delivery

“…For example, iron oxide, silver, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide either alone or in combination with other salts or ions are used as a core for generating antimicrobial nanofibers with bactericidal and/or bacteriostatic action. Among them, silver is considered the most potent antimicrobial agent due to its unique property of accumulating on the microbial cell wall and assisting in the arrest of the cell cycle and the denaturation of bacterial DNA [76]. Recently, Jatoi and co-workers proposed a new method to evaluate the antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles and titanium dioxide by preparing cellulose acetate nanofibers, where TiO 2 was first bound with DOPA followed by the introduction of AgNPs to form TiO 2 /AgNP.…”

“…Moreover, bacteria usually lose the integrity of their cell wall when they come into contact with highly charged nanofibers like cationic chitosan, thus resulting in cell lysis. This non-release antimicrobial system is a promising strategy because of their substantially prolonged activities outside of drug resistance [76].…”

“…Drug loading strategies to nanofibers: ( a ) basic antibacterial delivery systems, ( b ) advanced antibacterial delivery systems (core–shell structure, nanoparticle decorated and multidrug loaded), and ( c ) smart delivery systems (stimuli responsive). (Reproduced from ref no [76] with permission from “Taylor and Francis Group”, Ref: AF/IEDC/P19/0117).…”

<p>Biomedical Applications of TiO₂ Nanostructures: Recent Advances</p>

“…With the advent of nanotechnology, materials, such as metals and metal oxides, have been noticed as effective microbicide agents, which have the advantage of improved safety and stability compared to organic antimicrobial agents. 17,48,49 A large number of studies show the inhibitory activity of TiO 2 because of photocatalytic action, which is due to ROS -such as O 2 , OH and H 2 O 2 -being generated. 31 ROS is the product of redox reactions occurring between an adsorbent (water or oxygen) and electrons of TiO 2 when illuminated by UV light at wavelength of shorter than 385 nm.…”

Long-Term Effect against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus of Emodin Released from Coaxial Electrospinning Nanofiber Membranes with a Biphasic Profile

“…Before electrospinning, the core solution and shell solution were transferred into a 2.5 mL syringe, respectively. During the electrospinning process, 11.0-12.5 kV of the voltage was applied, the flow A B C Electrospinning is a technique processing solutions or melts (mainly of polymers) into continuous fibers with diameters ranging from a few micrometers to a few nanometers [26], and the electrospinning nanofibers have unique characteristics compared to other nano-structures: (a) high porosity similar to the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) is favorable for cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration [27,28]; (b) large specific surface is favorable for wound exudate, drug dispersion, and enhancing solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs [26,29]; (c) fiber morphology is favorably used as multifunctional material for wound dressing applications. Especially, by controlling solution properties (mainly including types of polymers, solvents and concentration of polymers), electrospinning modes (mainly including blending electrospinning, coaxial electrospinning, and sequential electrospinning), and electrospinning parameters (mainly including voltage, flow rates, and receiving distance), we can modulate: (a) fiber composition, (b) fiber diameter and micro-or nanometer dimensions, (c) fiber morphology (e.g., smooth, wrinkled, porous, etc.…”