An Overview of Innovation

Twenty Challenges for Innovation Studies

“…We evidently need a more sophisticated model of the interaction between policy research and policy making. 6 This might look rather like our model of the innovation process following Kline and Rosenberg (1986) -in other words, not a linear model but a chain-linked interactive model (Martin, 2010b).…”

Regional development in the context of an innovation process

“…While the science-push model was adequate in the USA since the end of the World War II until the 1960s, later on it became the subject of criticism from many scholars (Edquist/Hommen 1999;Kline/Rosenberg 1986). One of the main objections was the lack of feedbacks from ongoing work, from a development process and even from sales figures and individual users.…”

“…One of the main objections was the lack of feedbacks from ongoing work, from a development process and even from sales figures and individual users. As Kline and Rosenberg (1986) stress, feedbacks are essential to assess the performance of a product, to plan further steps and to assess a competitive position. Moreover, they state that "the central process of innovation is not science but design" (ibid.…”

“…It means that matching the company's technological capacity with market needs in the earliest possible stage of their appearance (identification) is a crucial factor for an innovation process. The next example of an interactive model is the chain-linked model developed by Kline and Rosenberg (1986) who defined within this model five stages and five paths of an innovation process ( Figure 6). …”

The aesthetics of intervention in defense of the esoteric

“…I will say little about this first question other than to restate that the perception that basic research frequently demonstrates social relevance is perhaps misguided. Harvey Brooks, a physicist turned Harvard science and public policy analyst, notes that public debate about science and technology has been dominated by a pipeline model (perhaps better known as a linear model; Kline & Rosenberg, 1986) in which new discoveries in science produce new technological ideas, progressing through applied research and terminating in commercialization (Brooks, 1994). This model was exemplified by highly visible successes of World War II (e.g., the atomic bomb, radar), but such a model ''corresponded only to the rare and exceptional cases cited above, it became embodied in political rhetoric and took considerable hold on the public imagination and seemed to be confirmed by a sufficient number of dramatic episodes so that it was regarded as typical of the entire process'' (Brooks,p.…”