An overview of control strategy and diagnostic technology for foot-and-mouth disease in China

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of most contagious animal diseases. It affects millions of cloven-hoofed animals and causes huge economic losses in many countries of the world. There are seven serotypes of which three (O, A and Asia 1) are endemic in China. Efficient control of FMD in China is crucial for the prevention and control of FMD in Asia and throughout the world. For the control of FMD, a powerful veterinary administration, a well-trained veterinary staff, a system of rapid and accurate diagnostic procedures and, in many countries, compulsory vaccination of susceptible animals are indispensable. This article strives to outline the Chinese animal disease control and prevention system, in particular for FMD, with the emphasis on diagnostic procedures applied in Chinese laboratories. In addition, new technologies for FMD diagnosis, which are currently in the phase of development or in the process of validation in Chinese laboratories, are described, such as lateral flow devices (LFD), Mab-based ELISAs, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) and gold nanopariticle immuno-PCR (GNP-IPCR).

Foot-and-Mouth Disease, an Economically Important Disease of Animals

“…Antigenicity is mainly decided by the capsid coating proteins. Seven immunologically distinct serological types of FMDV have been classified namely serotypes O, A, C, Asia 1 and SAT (Southern African Territories) 1-3 based on the antigenicity of the capsid coating proteins (Pereira, 1977;Rodriguez and Gay, 2011;Ding et al, 2013). Within each serotype, there are a considerable number of strains with antigenic diversity and hence enforce to incorporate more than one FMDV strain to attain a significant protection.…”

“…The technique of reverse transcription -polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and long distance polymerase chain reaction (LD-PCR) (Shawky and Daoud, 2005) has been employed for the rapid detection of viral nucleic acids from different kinds of biological specimens such as nasal swabs (Marquardt et al, 1995), vesicular epithelium (Knowles and Samuel 1995;Callens and De Clercq 1997;Reid et al, 1998Reid et al, , 1999Reid et al, , 2001Tosh et al, 2003;Verma, 2008;Raies et al, 2009;Reid et al, 2009;Verma et al, 2010a, milk, serum and probang samples (Amarel-Doel et al, 1993;Donn et al, 1996;Bastos, 1998;Reid et al, 2002;Van-Rijn et al, 2004;Bao et al, 2011). The virus serotype can be also be determined by RT-PCR ELISA (Callens et al, 1998), nested RT-PCR (Moss and Haas, 1999), real-time RT-PCR (Reid et al, 2002;Moonen et al, 2003), portable real time RT-PCR (Donaldson et al, 2001;Hearps et al, 2002) and automated RT-PCR (Reid et al, 2002), nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) test (Collins et al, 2002;Lau et al, 2008), RT loop mediated amplification (LAMP) test (Dukes et al, 2006;Chen et al, 2011a and, real-time reverse 18 transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay (RT-LAMP) (Ding et al, 2013;Madhan Mohan et al, 2013), universal RT-PCR (Xu et al, 2013), gold nano-particle immuno-PCR (GNP-IPCR) (Ding et al, 2013). By isolation of FMDV from the esophageal-pharyngeal fluids...…”

“…Lateral flow devices (LFD) , latex beads agglutination test, enzyme-linked immune electrotransfer blot assay, monoclonal antibody based ELISA, and multiplexed Luminex assay have been developed for FMDV (Ding et al, 2013). A chromatographic strip assay (Pen-side test) has been developed to rapidly detect serum antibodies to FMDV-NSP (Chen et al, 2009;Sammin et al, 2010).…”

“…A chromatographic strip assay (Pen-side test) has been developed to rapidly detect serum antibodies to FMDV-NSP (Chen et al, 2009;Sammin et al, 2010). One-step, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay (Dukes et al, 2006;Ding et al, 2013) enables FMDV detection without thermal cycling under an hour in a single tube (Anonymous, 2010;Dhama et al, 2014). Recently, based on principles of bio-barcode amplification (BCA) assays, gold nanoparticle (GNP) improved immuno-PCR (GNP-IPCR) assay were developed for ultrasensitive detection of FMDV antigen (Ding et al, , 2013.…”

“…(Rodriguez and Gay, 2011;Verma et al, 2012a;Ding et al, 2013;Xu et al, 2013). Affected species include domesticated ruminants (cattle, buffalo, camels, sheep, goats) and pigs along with more than 70 wildlife species Biswal et al, 2012;Teifke et al, 2012).…”