An Overview of Cloud RAN: Architecture, Issues and Future Directions

Makhanbet, Meruyert; Zhang, Xuewei; Gao, Hui; Suraweera, Himal A.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52171-8_3

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…This split has been known for several years and the literature in this area is very comprehensive. Therefore, several directions within using this split is investigated focusing on the CPRI transport interface: both the traditional CPRI transport, the option of transporting CPRI over the Ethernet network and the option of compressing [4], [5], [12], [19], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52] Simulations: [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64] Practical experiments: [65], [66],…”

Section: B Option 8: Rf/phymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scalability issues for 5G are also considered for split option 8 in [26]. In [25] the challenges of mobile edge computing and caching, energy-efficient designs, multi-dimensional resource management and physical layer security are highlighted. [24] looks into the state of the art at the time of writing and brings a summary of the contributions from different papers.…”

Section: ) Traditional Cpri Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The exact location of this split is under discussion by 3GPP in [82]. Theoretical surveys: [5], [19], [25], [26], [28], [31], [32], [38], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [49] Simulations: [53], [61], [75], [83] Practical experiments: [50], [84], [85] In this split, the precoding and resource element mapper are included in the DU. The fronthaul link transports subframe symbols.…”

Section: Option 7-2: Low Phy/high Phymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Survey of the Functional Splits Proposed for 5G Mobile Crosshaul Networks

Larsen

Checko²,

Christiansen

2019

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

330

211

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Pacing the way towards 5G has lead researchers and industry in the direction of centralized processing known from Cloud-Radio Access Networks (C-RAN). In C-RAN research, a variety of different functional splits is presented by different names and focusing on different directions. The functional split determines how many Base Station (BS) functions to leave locally, close to the user, with the benefit of relaxing fronthaul network bitrate and delay requirements, and how many functions to centralize with the possibility of achieving greater processing benefits. This work presents for the first time a comprehensive overview systematizing the different work directions for both research and industry, while providing a detailed description of each functional split option and an assessment of the advantages and disadvantages. This work gives an overview of where the most effort has been directed in terms of functional splits, and where there is room for further studies. The standardization currently taking place is also considered and mapped into the research directions. It is investigated how the fronthaul network will be affected by the choice of functional split, both in terms of bitrates and latency, and as the different functional splits provide different advantages and disadvantages, the option of flexible functional splits is also looked into.

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Section: B Option 8: Rf/phymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ) Traditional Cpri Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Option 7-2: Low Phy/high Phymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Survey of the Functional Splits Proposed for 5G Mobile Crosshaul Networks

Larsen

Checko²,

Christiansen

2019

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

330

211

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is claimed to be one of the cheapest and possible selections for the implementation of split 8 [52], [53]. FPGAs consider the digital processing assignments in DU but they can correspondingly FPGA-based Verilog MATLAB Simulink Latency is mathematically analyzed using queuing theory, and closed-form formulas [56] Mathematical analysis Development of virtual network architecture while considering flexibility to choose the suitable functional split for small cell [57] MATLAB Virtualized multi-layer cellular network [58] Numerical model analysis Real-time implementation of functional split among RRH and BBU, to balance the transmission throughput among RRHs and BBUs [53] FPGA, MATLAB and Simulink Software solutions offering 5G NR protocols to implement the 3GPP Split 8 [54] IS-Wireless gNodeB Theoretical & mathematical concepts on split 8 [59], [60], [61], [62], [51], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [68] Analysis integrate analog sub-systems. gNodeB [54] from IS-Wireless (ISW) [55] is a software solution that can be deployed on either physical or virtual resources.…”

Section: B Rf-phy Split (Option 8)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey on 5G Second Phase RAN Architectures and Functional splits

Khan¹,

Nidhi²,

OdetAlla³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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<p>The Radio Access Network (RAN) architecture evolves with different generations of mobile communication technologies and forms an indispensable component of the mobile network architecture. The main component of the RAN infrastructure is the base station, which includes a Radio Frequency unit and a baseband unit. The RAN is a collection of base stations connected to the core network to provide coverage through one or more radio access technologies. The advancement towards cloudnative networks has led to centralizing the baseband processing of radio signals. There is a trade-off between the advantages of RAN centralization (energy efficiency, power cost reduction, and the cost of the fronthaul) and the complexity of carrying traffic between the data processing unit and distributed antennas. 5G networks hold high potential for adopting the centralized architecture to reduce maintenance costs while reducing deployment costs and improving resilience, reliability, and coordination. Incorporating the concept of virtualization and centralized RAN architecture enables to meet the overall requirements for both the customer and Mobile Network Operator. Functional splitting is one of the key enablers for 5G networks. It supports Centralized RAN, virtualized Radio Access Network, and the recent Open Radio Access Networks. This survey provides a comprehensive tutorial on the paradigms of the RAN architecture evolution, its key features, and implementation challenges. It provides a thorough review of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project functional splitting complemented by associated challenges and potential solutions. The survey also presents an overview of the fronthaul and its requirements and possible solutions for implementation, algorithms, and required tools whilst providinga vision of the evaluation beyond 5G second phase.</p>

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“…This component is responsible for signal processing, resource management, and coordinating communication with Remote Radio Heads (RRH), which, in turn, are responsible for specific radio functions such as wireless signal transmission and reception. An approach that is adopted by centralizing processing in a cloud environment, Figure 1 1 illustrates the C-RAN architecture, which has base stations that can be divided into three main components: RRH, fronthau / backhaul links, and BBU [6] [7]. The main features of these units are explained below.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FA-CRAN: A Firefly Algorithm for Dynamic BBU-RRH Mapping in Cloud/Centralized Radio Access Networks

Imbiriba,

da Paixão,

Santos

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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C-RAN (Cloud Radio Access Network) is an architecture designed to the new generation of mobile networks. It has handled many problems arising from the 4-generation network, and made several improvements, such as centralized processing and energy efficiency, among others. However, time-varying traffic, known as the tidal effect, impairs the network by making resource allocation less efficient, and this affects network performance in terms of problems related to blocked users and power consumption. This study seeks to evaluate an optimized mapping model between RRH (Remote Radio Head) and BBU (Base Band Unit) by providing a fairer and more efficient load balancing. In addition, this solution is compared with some key algorithms used in the literature for addressing optimization problems. The results demonstrated that, owing to its effective search feature, the Firefly algorithm, was the most promising system, since it obtained better performance measures than the others.

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An Overview of Cloud RAN: Architecture, Issues and Future Directions

Cited by 9 publications

References 48 publications

A Survey of the Functional Splits Proposed for 5G Mobile Crosshaul Networks

A Survey of the Functional Splits Proposed for 5G Mobile Crosshaul Networks

Survey on 5G Second Phase RAN Architectures and Functional splits

FA-CRAN: A Firefly Algorithm for Dynamic BBU-RRH Mapping in Cloud/Centralized Radio Access Networks

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