Abstract:Diterpenes have been identified as active compounds in several medicinal plants showing remarkable biological activities, and some isolated diterpenes are produced at commercial scale to be used as medicines, food additives, in the synthesis of fragrances, or in agriculture. There is great interest in developing methods to obtain derivatives of these compounds, and biotransformation processes are interesting tools for the structural modification of natural products with complex chemical structures. Biotransfor… Show more
“…Biotransformation can be a useful approach in discovering drugs and could be useful in screening drug candidates for possible transformation to active metabolites during the discovery stage. This is crucial in developing methods to obtain more efficient derivatives of therapeutically active lead compounds (Kebano, Tesema, & Geleta, 2015), including diterpenes (de Sousa et al, 2018). For examples, phytanic acid, a biotransformation product of phytol (a chlorophyllderived diterpenoid) is evident for its promising biological effects (Islam, Ali, et al, 2016b), including antimicrobial activity (Rajab, Cantrell, Franzblau, & Fischer, 1998), whereas seven metabolites of cryptotanshinone have been reported to exert significant antiinfluenza A virus activity (He et al, 2017).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Accumulated reports suggest that terpenes and their derivatives have great commercial value and have been widely used in traditional medicine in many countries in the world for the treatment of several conditions, including microbial and parasitic infections, dermatological problems, microbial resistance, and neglected diseases (Barros de Alencar et al, 2017;Orchard & van Vuuren, 2017). Diterpenes are C 20 compounds consisting of four isoprene (C 5 H 8 ) units found in plants, fungi, bacteria, and animals in both terrestrial and marine environments (de Sousa, Sousa Teixeira, & Jacometti Cardoso Furtado, 2018). The biochemically active isoprene units, isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate, may be derived from mevalonate and deoxyxylulose phosphate pathways .…”
Dengue, a mosquito‐borne viral disease, causes about 100 million cases of infection annually. It is a major public concern, and if left untreated or improperly diagnosed, may cause serious health problems or even death. Historically, dengue has not considered priorities for pharmaceutical companies made the available treatment options. Therefore, medicinal scientists are revealing new insights and enabling novel interventions and approaches to dengue prevention and control. Diterpenes, a class of terpenes have gained much attention due to their diverse biological effects. This review aimed at summarizing available evidences of diterpenes and their derivatives acting against dengue virus and their vectors. For this, an updated search was made in the databases: PubMed and ScienceDirect by using specific keywords. Among the 117 published reports, a total of 30 articles was included in this review. Findings suggest that a number of diterpenes and/or their derivatives act against dengue virus and their two potential vectors namely Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. In conclusion, diterpenes and their derivatives may have the potential alternative therapeutic tools for the management of dengue virus and some associated diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquito.
“…Biotransformation can be a useful approach in discovering drugs and could be useful in screening drug candidates for possible transformation to active metabolites during the discovery stage. This is crucial in developing methods to obtain more efficient derivatives of therapeutically active lead compounds (Kebano, Tesema, & Geleta, 2015), including diterpenes (de Sousa et al, 2018). For examples, phytanic acid, a biotransformation product of phytol (a chlorophyllderived diterpenoid) is evident for its promising biological effects (Islam, Ali, et al, 2016b), including antimicrobial activity (Rajab, Cantrell, Franzblau, & Fischer, 1998), whereas seven metabolites of cryptotanshinone have been reported to exert significant antiinfluenza A virus activity (He et al, 2017).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Accumulated reports suggest that terpenes and their derivatives have great commercial value and have been widely used in traditional medicine in many countries in the world for the treatment of several conditions, including microbial and parasitic infections, dermatological problems, microbial resistance, and neglected diseases (Barros de Alencar et al, 2017;Orchard & van Vuuren, 2017). Diterpenes are C 20 compounds consisting of four isoprene (C 5 H 8 ) units found in plants, fungi, bacteria, and animals in both terrestrial and marine environments (de Sousa, Sousa Teixeira, & Jacometti Cardoso Furtado, 2018). The biochemically active isoprene units, isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate, may be derived from mevalonate and deoxyxylulose phosphate pathways .…”
Dengue, a mosquito‐borne viral disease, causes about 100 million cases of infection annually. It is a major public concern, and if left untreated or improperly diagnosed, may cause serious health problems or even death. Historically, dengue has not considered priorities for pharmaceutical companies made the available treatment options. Therefore, medicinal scientists are revealing new insights and enabling novel interventions and approaches to dengue prevention and control. Diterpenes, a class of terpenes have gained much attention due to their diverse biological effects. This review aimed at summarizing available evidences of diterpenes and their derivatives acting against dengue virus and their vectors. For this, an updated search was made in the databases: PubMed and ScienceDirect by using specific keywords. Among the 117 published reports, a total of 30 articles was included in this review. Findings suggest that a number of diterpenes and/or their derivatives act against dengue virus and their two potential vectors namely Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. In conclusion, diterpenes and their derivatives may have the potential alternative therapeutic tools for the management of dengue virus and some associated diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquito.
“…Diterpenes from various sources have exhibited inhibitory effects against pathogenic microbes, herbivore pests, and weeds. These promising biological activities place them among the essential agricultural secondary metabolites with potential in the production of biopestides [ 31 ]. Rice plants produce several phytoalexins and allelochemical diterpenes for protection against pathogens, pests, and weeds.…”
Biodiversity is adversely affected by the growing levels of synthetic chemicals released into the environment due to agricultural activities. This has been the driving force for embracing sustainable agriculture. Plant secondary metabolites offer promising alternatives for protecting plants against microbes, feeding herbivores, and weeds. Terpenes are the largest among PSMs and have been extensively studied for their potential as antimicrobial, insecticidal, and weed control agents. They also attract natural enemies of pests and beneficial insects, such as pollinators and dispersers. However, most of these research findings are shelved and fail to pass beyond the laboratory and greenhouse stages. This review provides an overview of terpenes, types, biosynthesis, and their roles in protecting plants against microbial pathogens, insect pests, and weeds to rekindle the debate on using terpenes for the development of environmentally friendly biopesticides and herbicides.
“…Due to this importance of different ginsenosides deglycosylation, compound k (CK) and Rh1 are more detected in the circulatory system [3]. To neutralize this bioconversion in human metabolism, it is essential to convert to the necessary ginsenosides before administrating to the human body [4]. Physical methods such as steaming, sulfur fumigation, and microwave treatment were adopted for this approach; however, such treatment was not found in its application in industrial commercialization, except for the steaming process.…”
Ginseng is an ancient herb widely consumed due to its healing property of active ginsenosides. Recent researchers were explored to increase its absorption and bioavailability of ginsenosides at the metabolic sites, due to its pharmacological activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the isolation and characteristics of components obtained by a shorter steaming cycle (seven cycles) of white ginseng to fermented black ginseng, using a novel strain of Aspergillus niger KHNT-1 isolated from fermented soybean. The degree of bioactive of Rg3 increased effectively during the steaming process, and biotransformation converted the color towards black along active ginsenosides. Glycol moiety associated with C-3, C-6, or C-20 underwent rapid biotransformation and hydrolysis, such as Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd → Rg3, F2, and was converted to CK. Dehydration produces Rg3 → Rk1, Rg5. Rh2 → Rk2; thus, converted fermented black ginseng was solvent-extracted, and the isolated components were identified by TLC, HPLC, and quantification by LCMS. The unique composition obtained during this process with Rk1, Rg3, Rg5, and CK is nontoxic to HaCaT cell line up to 200 ug/mL for 24 h and was found to be effective in B16BL6 cell lines, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Thus, it is a suitable candidate for nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals.
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