An overview of advanced biocompatible and biomimetic materials for creation of replacement structures in the musculoskeletal systems: focusing on cartilage tissue engineering

Abstract

Tissue engineering, as an interdisciplinary approach, is seeking to create tissues with optimal performance for clinical applications. Various factors, including cells, biomaterials, cell or tissue culture conditions and signaling molecules such as growth factors, play a vital role in the engineering of tissues. In vivo microenvironment of cells imposes complex and specific stimuli on the cells, and has a direct effect on cellular behavior, including proliferation, differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) assembly. Therefore, to create appropriate tissues, the conditions of the natural environment around the cells should be well imitated. Therefore, researchers are trying to develop biomimetic scaffolds that can produce appropriate cellular responses. To achieve this, we need to know enough about biomimetic materials. Scaffolds made of biomaterials in musculoskeletal tissue engineering should also be multifunctional in order to be able to function better in mechanical properties, cell signaling and cell adhesion. Multiple combinations of different biomaterials are used to improve above-mentioned properties of various biomaterials and to better imitate the natural features of musculoskeletal tissue in the culture medium. These improvements ultimately lead to the creation of replacement structures in the musculoskeletal system, which are closer to natural tissues in terms of appearance and function. The present review article is focused on biocompatible and biomimetic materials, which are used in musculoskeletal tissue engineering, in particular, cartilage tissue engineering.

3D Graphene Scaffolds for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration: Future Perspectives

“…Graphene composites for 3D scaffolds production are usually synthesized by combining a GBM and a synthetic or natural polymer. Natural biomaterials are usually biocompatible, easy to functionalize and primed for enzymatic degradation (Del Bakhshayesh et al, 2019). However, they are limited by batch-tobatch variability in chemical composition, and some components may be immunogenic.…”

Cartilage tissue engineering for craniofacial reconstruction

“…A collagen sponge facilitates the adhesion and proliferation of chondrocytes, and promotes secretion of fibrocartilage-like extracellular matrix (ECM) [18]. It has been proven that high levels of arginine, glycine, and aspartate residues in collagen increase cell attachment and differentiation [19,20]. The chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs was found to be increased in collagen hydrogel, and a collagen type II hydrogel enhanced cell proliferation and chondrogenesis more than a collagen type I hydrogel [21].…”

“…It has been used in absorbable plates and screws for fracture fixation in surgery. PCL is highly hydrophobic and has a longer degradation time than PLLA [19]. Its hydrophobic nature also leads to insufficient cell attachment and poor tissue integration [48].…”

“…Its hydrophobic nature also leads to insufficient cell attachment and poor tissue integration [48]. PLLA, PGA, and PLA-PGA copolymer (PLGA) are widely used in cartilage tissue engineering because of their effectiveness as scaffolds and for chondrocyte delivery [19]. PLLA also has been used in plates and screws for fracture fixation, and PLGA has been used in absorbable surgical sutures.…”

Preparation and characterization of novel anti-inflammatory biological agents based on piroxicam-loaded poly-ε-caprolactone nano-particles for sustained NSAID delivery

“…On the other hand, the use of collagen that is able to absorb, associate and interact with NPs, has a great impact on their biological behavior (Kandamachira et al, 2015). Collagen is one of the most abundant components of the extracellular matrix, which has unique biological properties and results in excellent interaction with cells (Rahmani Del Saghati et al, 2018;Del Bakhshayesh et al, 2019;Kayal et al, 2019;Taghipour et al, 2019). Since the collagen degradation rate is high and its mechanical strength is weak, the appropriate cross-linker should be used for its usage in a variety of applications, including drug delivery in a biological environment (Sallent et al, 2019).…”