An Overview: Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing for High Temperature Tribology

Abstract

Laser-based additive manufacturing (LBAM) is a versatile manufacturing technique, extensively adopted to fabricate metallic components of enhanced properties. The current review paper provides a critical assessment of the fabricated metallic coatings and parts through LBAM-processes [e.g., laser metal deposition (LMD) and selective laser melting (SLM)] for high temperature tribological applications. A succinct comparison of LBAM-fabrication and conventional manufacturing is given. The review provides an insight into the sophisticated application-driven material design for high temperature tribological contacts. The review highlights the major mechanisms behind the improvement in the tribology of the laser-deposits; properties evolving as a consequence of the microstructure, lamellar solid lubricants, sulfides, soft metals, lubricious oxides, and self-lubricating surfaces.

Tool and Die Making, Surface Treatment, and Repair by Laser-based Additive Processes

“…The conducted studies have shown that efficient operational performance as the target yields the best results as the tool, die, or mold is designed for and made by L-PBF [1,11,25,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. This review shows that it is possible to improve this operational performance by adding LMPp (DED-p, LC) for surface functionalization [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] and tool, die, or mold remanufacture [52,[56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64]. Tool remanufacture can, in other words, be added as a factor that influences the tool life and thereby the operational efficiency during the tool life cycle.…”

“…nickel (Ni) based hard facing alloys (NiSiB, NiCrSiB, Inconel 625 (NiCrSiBFeC) etc.) to accomplish high toughness and thermal and corrosion resistance [42,43]. iron (Fe) based alloys (316 stainless steel, Fe-Cr-Si-B alloy, Crucible Particle Metallurgy (CPM) steel) for enhanced abrasive wear and corrosion resistance (and reduction of the tool costs) [42][43][44][45].…”

“…), or oxides (Al2O3, etc.) to improve the wear resistance [42,43]. self-lubricating materials such as soft metals (gold, silver, tin etc.…”

Deposition of Nickel-Based Superalloy Claddings on Low Alloy Structural Steel by Direct Laser Deposition

“…Their use continues to extend to many industrial sector applications for components that operate in extreme conditions. LBAM technologies are unique and versatile in the manufacturing of parts with complex geometry, functionally graded or customised, producing an improvement in properties that can be used for a variety of industrial applications, such as within the aerospace, metallurgy, energy, and automotive industries [1,2]. Direct laser deposition (DLD) is an LBAM technology used for the additive manufacturing of metal parts, reconstructions, and repairs.…”

Investigation of tribological characteristics of nickel alloy-based solid-lubricating composites at elevated temperatures under vacuum

“…In these systems, various moving components, such as rolling/sliding bearings and gears, operate under extreme conditions, such as high temperatures above 400 °C, high-speed/load, corrosive, and vacuum environments [3][4][5][6]. Under such cases, traditional liquid lubricants cannot provide the desired performance because of evaporation, decomposition, coking, and sealing, among other factors [7,8]. Instead, highperformance solid-lubricating materials show great potential to fulfill the requirements of reducing friction and wear resistance of the moving parts in these harsh environments [9][10][11][12][13].…”