An Outbreak of Human Tularemia Associated with the American Dog Tick, Dermacentor Variabilis

Saliba, Gilbert S.; Harmston, Fred C.; Diamond, Ben E.; Zymet, Carl L.; Goldenberg, Martin I.; Chin, Tom D. Y.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1966.15.531

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…The transport of rodent fleas by dogs has been observed (22). An analogous situation involving domestic dogs, ticks, and tularemia was found recently on the Rosebud and Pine Ridge Indian Reservations of South Dakota (23 (25,26 …”

supporting

confidence: 67%

An Emergency Program to Control Plague

Tirador¹,

Miller²,

Stacy³

et al. 1967

Public Health Reports (1896-1970)

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supporting

confidence: 67%

An Emergency Program to Control Plague

Tirador¹,

Miller²,

Stacy³

et al. 1967

Public Health Reports (1896-1970)

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“…1,2 In the United States, the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), is suspected to be among the most important species for bridging F. tularensis from zoonotic cycles to humans. 3 Tularemia outbreaks associated with D. variabilis have been reported, 4,5 and the geographic distribution of this tick species is concordant with states reporting the highest incidence of tick-borne tularemia (Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma). 6 Adult D. variabilis has been found to be infected with F. tularensis , 4,5,[7][8][9] and immature life stages (larvae and nymphs) are thought to be associated with enzootic transmission.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 52%

“…Environmental investigations after the outbreaks revealed minimum infection rates of approximately 1.4% in D. variabilis adults collected from vegetation and local dogs. 4,5 Prevalence of type A infections in D. variabilis collected between 2004 and 2009 ranged from 1% to 5% on Martha's Vineyard, an island that reported an outbreak of tularemia in 2000 and continues to report yearly cases. 7,9 On Martha's Vineyard, the infecting type A clade is likely to be A1b, because this is the only clade identified to date from cultureconfirmed human and animal cases on the island.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission Dynamics of Francisella tularensis Subspecies and Clades by Nymphal Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae)

Reese

Dietrich²,

Dolan³

et al. 2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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In the United States, the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) is considered an important biological vector of Francisella tularensis, the etiologic agent of tularemia. In this study, we evaluated the vector efficiency of nymphal D. variabilis infected as larvae with differing clades and subspecies (A1b, A2, and type B) of F. tularensis. In all cases, D. variabilis larvae were able to acquire, maintain, and transstadially transmit F. tularensis. Significant replication of the bacteria also occurred in infected nymphs. Transmission of F. tularensis to Swiss Webster mice was not observed with A1b, and low rates were observed with A2 (8.0%) and type B (13.5%). Negative effects on tick survivorship were also observed for A1b, A2, and type B infections. Our results provide evidence of a high fitness cost and low transmission rates during the immature stages, suggesting that D. variabilis may play a limited role in enzootic maintenance of F. tularensis.

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“…Larvae from both species utilize birds as hosts, but they appear to be refractory for R. parkeri, making it unlikely that infection could occur through host sharing (Keirans and Durden 1998, Durden et al 2001, Eisen et al 2004, Moraru et al 2013. Host sharing could occur with D. variabilis, because it is known to parasitize rabbits, making a potential bridge for R. parkeri to H. leporispalustris (Saliba et al 1966).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae in Multiple Hard Tick Species from Fairfax County, Virginia

Henning

Orr

Smith

et al. 2014

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Spotted fever group rickettsiosis (SFGR) is a potentially fatal disease that has displayed increasing incidence in the United States in recent years. The most well-known and severe type of this disease is Rocky Mountain spotted fever, but there are other mild forms that occur. Recently, human infection with Rickettsia parkeri has been reported and linked with the tick Amblyomma maculatum. In 2010, a population of R. parkeri-infected A. maculatum was discovered in Fairfax County, Virginia, leading to increased surveillance of tick species. In this study, we report the presence of R. parkeri in Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, and Dermacentor variabilis in Fairfax County. R. parkeri was discovered in two Rh. sanguineus, one H. leporispalustris, and 17 D. variabilis. These findings suggest that spillover infections of R. parkeri may be occurring in tick species not typically associated with this pathogen; however, vector competence studies need to be conducted to determine if these tick species can serve as potential vectors for human SFGR.

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An Outbreak of Human Tularemia Associated with the American Dog Tick, Dermacentor Variabilis

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

An Emergency Program to Control Plague

An Emergency Program to Control Plague

Transmission Dynamics of Francisella tularensis Subspecies and Clades by Nymphal Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae)

Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae in Multiple Hard Tick Species from Fairfax County, Virginia

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