An oro‐facial disease ‘noma (<i>cancrum oris</i>)’ in a Japanese monkey (<i>Macaca fuscata</i>): clinical signs, clinicopathological features, and response to treatment

Kimura, Tohru

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0684.2008.00312.x

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…A range of organisms have been identified in the oral flora of noma patients, but none have been consistently present, casting doubt on a specific organism’s role in the development of noma [ 7 , 17 , 38 , 40 , 98 , 111 , 165 ]. Other studies have noted that the characteristics of noma are similar to that of an opportunistic infection, implicating a change in the equilibrium of commensal bacteria due to a derailment of host defences [ 11 , 96 , 98 , 166 ]. Evidence that supports the understanding of noma being an opportunistic infection rests in the fact that most cases have concurrent infections or occur in immunocompromised individuals [ 11 , 15 , 17 , 41 , 51 , 75 , 104 , 107 , 111 , 114 , 118 , 122 , 147 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noma (cancrum oris): A scoping literature review of a neglected disease (1843 to 2021)

Farley

Mehta

Srour³

et al. 2021

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Background Noma (cancrum oris) is an ancient but neglected and poorly understood preventable disease, afflicting the most disenfranchised populations in the world. It is a devastating and often fatal condition that requires urgent and intensive clinical and surgical care, often difficult to access as most cases of noma occur in resource-limited settings. We conducted a scoping review of the literature published on noma to understand the size and scope of available research on the disease and identify research gaps that need to be addressed to evolve our understanding of how to address this disease. Methods We searched 11 databases and collected primary peer reviewed articles on noma in all languages, the final search was conducted on 24th August 2021. The oldest manuscript identified was from 28th March 1843 and the most recently published manuscript was from 3rd June 2021. Search terms included cancrum oris and noma. Data was extracted using a standardised data extraction tool and key areas of interest were identified. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic review and Meta-Analyses requirements were followed. Results The review included 147 articles, the majority of the studies (n = 94, 64%) were case reports. Most manuscripts (n = 81, 55%) were published in the 2000s, 49 (33%) were from the 1900s and 17 (12%) from the 1800s. The main areas of interest identified were the history and epidemiology of the disease, noma’s clinical progression and aetiology, treatment regimens, mortality rates and the risk factors for the development of noma. Conclusions Noma has been reported in the literature for hundreds of years; however important gaps in our understanding of the disease remain. Future research should focus on determining the burden and distribution of disease; the true mortality rate, pathogenic cause(s) and the factors that influence prognosis and outcomes after treatment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noma (cancrum oris): A scoping literature review of a neglected disease (1843 to 2021)

Farley

Mehta

Srour³

et al. 2021

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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“…Reconstructive surgery is rarely considered earlier than a year after the onset of the disease, unless the sequelae prevent an adequate nutritional intake [1]. In this veterinary case, surgical intervention was avoided because the tissue margins of the lesion appeared to be indurative or fragile with soft tissue discoloration [7]. However, poor nutritional intake because of pain, edema, and impaired masticatory function led to the deterioration of the affected animal’s general health condition, and the enlargement of the lesion by persistent self‐injury prevented the healing process despite aggressive antibiotic and disinfectant treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Noma is thought to be an opportunistic infectious disease, but its primary cause remains unknown. Previous studies have reported noma to be associated with bacterial and viral infections, including staphylococcus, streptococcus, micrococcus, proteae, fusobacterium necrophorum, AIDS, cytomegalovirus, simian virus 40, and simian retrovirus-1 [3,4,7,8,10,11,17,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The characteristics of this disease, such as the rapid destruction of soft tissue and bone, are almost always quickly fatal if prompt treatment is not undertaken. In animals, spontaneously occurring noma‐like lesions have been described in cottontop tamarins ( Saguinus oedipus ) [3], rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ) [7, 8, 10, 11, 17], cynomolgus macaques ( Macaca fascicularis ) [8, 10], Taiwanese rock macaques ( Macaca cyclopis ) [4], and goats [21]. Noma is thought to be an opportunistic infectious disease, but its primary cause remains unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute necrotic stomatitis (noma) associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in a newly acquired rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)

Lee

Kim

et al. 2011

Journal of Medical Primatology

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“…The major risk factors of ANUG/Noma in children are malnutrition, diarrheal diseases, measles infection, lack of proper sanitation, and poor living conditions. Alternatively, typical predisposing risk factors in young adults, including those who serve in the military, include: poor oral hygiene, smoking, viral respiratory infections, and immune defects, such as HIV/AIDS [5][6][7]. Characteristic features of ANUG include profuse gingival bleeding, severe soreness from gingival ulceration, halitosis (bad breath), and changes in taste.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A retrospective clinical, multi-center cross-sectional study to assess the severity and sequela of Noma/Cancrum oris in Ethiopia

Gebretsadik

Kiev

2022

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Introduction Noma is a disfiguring gangrenous disease of the orofacial tissue and predominantly affects malnourished children. The tissue gangrene or necrosis starts in the mouth and eventually spreads intra-orally with the destruction of soft and hard tissues. If not controlled, the natural course of the condition leads to a perforation through the skin of the face, creating a severe cosmetic and functional defect, which often affects the mid-facial structures. Furthermore, the course of the disease is fulminating, and without timely intervention, it is fatal. Materials and methods A retrospective clinical cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the sequela and severity of Noma in Ethiopia. Medical records of patients diagnosed with Noma were reviewed. The medical files were obtained from Yekatik 12 Hospital, Facing Africa, and the Harar project,—the three major Noma treatment centers in Ethiopia. The severity of facial tissue damage and the extent of mouth trismus (ankylosis) were examined based on the NOIPTUS score. Results A total of 163 medical records were reviewed. Of those, 52% (n = 85) and 48% (n = 78) have reported left-sided and right-sided facial defects, respectively. The facial defects ranged from minor to severe tissue damage. In other words, 42.3% (n = 69), 30.7% (n = 50), 19% (n = 31), and 8% (n = 13) have reported Grade-2 (25–50%), Grade-3 (50–75%), Grade-1 (0–25%), and Grade-4 (75–100%) tissue damages respectively. Cheek, upper lip, lower lip, nose, hard palate, maxilla, oral commissure, zygoma, infra-orbital region, mandible, and chin are oftentimes the major facial anatomic regions affected by the disease in the individuals identified in our review. Complete loss of upper lip, lower lip, and nose were also identified as a sequela of Noma. Discussion The mortality rate of Noma is reported to vary between 85% and 90%. The few survivors suffer from disfigurement and functional impairment affecting speech, breathing, mastication, and/or even leading to changes in vision. Often, the aesthetic damage becomes a source of stigma, leading to isolation from society, as well as one’s family. Similarly, our review found a high level of facial tissue damage and psychiatric morbidity.

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An oro‐facial disease ‘noma (cancrum oris)’ in a Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata): clinical signs, clinicopathological features, and response to treatment

Abstract: Simian noma was a rapidly devastating disease, which destroyed the muscle tissues of oro-facial structure. Nonhuman primates are the only species that develop oro-facial lesions, corresponding to noma in humans.

Cited by 7 publications

References 14 publications

Noma (cancrum oris): A scoping literature review of a neglected disease (1843 to 2021)

Noma (cancrum oris): A scoping literature review of a neglected disease (1843 to 2021)

Acute necrotic stomatitis (noma) associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in a newly acquired rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)

A retrospective clinical, multi-center cross-sectional study to assess the severity and sequela of Noma/Cancrum oris in Ethiopia

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