An oral nervous necrosis virus vaccine that induces protective immunity in larvae of grouper (Epinephelus coioides)

Betanodavirus of Marine and Freshwater Fish: Distribution, Genomic Organization, Diagnosis and Control Measures

“…Oral vaccination can be standardized to prevent disease occurring at the early larval stage. For example, Artemia-encapsulated recombinant Escherichia coli expressing the NNV capsid protein gene delivered through oral route showed a certain degree of protection after challenge with NNV (relative percentage survival up to 69.5 %) [73]. The protection efficacy can be improved by manipulating the expression in the host.…”

The expression of two novel orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) TNF genes in peripheral blood leukocytes, various organs, and fish larvae

“…Pathogen invasion results in terrible losses or complete annihilation of stock while rearing fish, especially at the larval stages [3]. Immunoprophylactic methods such as vaccination or immunostimulation are useful against disease outbreaks [4,5]. These methods have been widely used to prevent and control disease transmission in the poultry industry as a form of biosecurity, and are now being applied to aquaculture [6].…”

Comparison of ELISA formats for detection of antibodies specific for nervous necrosis virus (Betanodavirus) in the serum of immunized barramundi Lates calcarifer and Australian bass Macquaria novemaculeata

“…Numerous vaccines have been developed with an aim to control NNV: formalin-inactivated virus (Kai and Chi, 2008;Pakingking et al, 2009;Yamashita et al, 2005), binary ethylenimine (BEI)-inactivated virus (Barnes et al, 2005;Kai and Chi, 2008), recombinant protein (Barnes et al, 2005;Husgard et al, 2001;Lin et al, 2007;Sommerset et al, 2005;Tanaka et al, 2001;Vimal et al, 2014a) and DNA based vaccines (Sommerset et al, 2005;Vimal et al, 2014b). The protective immunity conferred by a given vaccine is most commonly evaluated in trials by the analysis of the relative percent survival (RPS) of vaccinated and nonvaccinated fish.…”