An optimization of the object function for routing protocol of low-power and Lossy networks

Xiao, Wei; Liu, Jianfei; Jiang, Nan; Shi, Hongzhou

doi:10.1109/icsai.2014.7009341

Cited by 41 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The study in [94] addresses the long single-hop problem introduced when RPL relies on a single metric such as hop count or expected transmission cost, in large networks. The authors report that, since ETX metric adds up the ETX values of the nodes along a routing path, the number of hops rather than the quality of transmission tends to have more impact on the calculated rank.…”

Section: E) Average-based Composition Enhancementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of Limitations and Enhancements of the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks: A Focus on Core Operations

Ghaleb

Al‐Dubai

Ekonomou

et al. 2019

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

117

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Driven by the special requirements of the Lowpower and Lossy Networks (LLNs), the IPv6 Routing Protocol for LLNs (RPL) was standardized by the IETF some six years ago to tackle the routing issue in such networks. Since its introduction, however, numerous studies have pointed out that, in its current form, RPL suffers from issues that limit its efficiency and domain of applicability. Thus, several solutions have been proposed in the literature in an attempt to overcome these identified limitations. In this survey, we aim mainly to provide a comprehensive review of these research proposals assessing whether such proposals have succeeded in overcoming the standard reported limitations related to its core operations. Although some of RPL's weaknesses have been addressed successfully, the study found that the proposed solutions remain deficient in overcoming several others. Hence, the study investigates where such proposals still fall short, the challenges and pitfalls to avoid, thus would help researchers formulate a clear foundation for the development of further successful extensions in future allowing the protocol to be applied more widely.

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Section: E) Average-based Composition Enhancementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of Limitations and Enhancements of the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks: A Focus on Core Operations

Ghaleb

Al‐Dubai

Ekonomou

et al. 2019

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

117

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Other technological aspects such as AI will be integral in the 6G digitalization because there is immense actionable data as well as progress towards computation capacities. [20]. For the IoT, it is an aspect whereby every device can be connected to the internet thus allowing people to have access at their convenience as long as there is an internet connection.…”

Section: Fig 2 Forecast Of the Global Mobile Data [17]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyber Security Beyond the Industry 4.0 Era. A Short Review on a Few Technological Promises

Clim¹

2019

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The global development industries progress towards meeting the ever evolving contemporary and future demands. This transformative evolution introduced phenomena such as Industry 4.0 and 5.0 which are facilitated by both information and operational technologies: collaborative robotics, IoT, AI. Their integration into a hyper-connected system facilitates the production of goods and services. In addition, these industries are characterized by automation, as well as by unmatched levels of data exchange throughout the value chain. Cyber security risks are crucial as the prevalence of these information and operation technologies has changed the appearance of cyber threats. Addressing the premises and realities of cyber security in Industries 4.0 and 5.0 is crucial. Risk mitigation strategies provided by various organizations are crucial for lowering risks. Given the loopholes and vulnerabilities generated by interconnections, cyber security is vital for the advancement of digital industrial transformation.

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“…During experiments, the Contiki operating system is used to program the wireless sensor nodes as it's designed for low power and lossy networks. Monitoring and controlling nodes are done using Foren6 [29] that is considered as the network monitoring tool developed specially for IOT-LAB testbed. IoT-LAB is a very large-scale testbed suitable for experiment and tests tiny wireless sensor nodes and communicating objects.…”

Section: Description Of Iot-lab Testbedmentioning

confidence: 99%

RPL Routing Protocol Performance in Smart Grid Applications Based Wireless Sensors: Experimental and Simulated Analysis

2019

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The Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is one of the Smart Grid (SG) applications that used to upgrade the current power system by proposing a two-way communication system to connect the smart meter devices at homes with the electric control company. The design and deployment of an efficient routing protocol solution for AMI systems are considered to be a critical challenge due to the constrained resources of the smart meter nodes. IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) was recently standardized by the IETF and originally designed to satisfy the routing requirements of lossy and low power networks like wireless sensors (WSN). We have two kinds of AMI applications, on one hand AMI based WSN and on the other hand AMI based PLC communication. In this paper, we proposed a real and simulated implementation of RPL behavior with proper modifications to support the AMI based WSN routing requirements. We evaluate RPL performance using 140 nodes from the wireless sensor testbed (IoT-LAB) and 1000 nodes using Cooja simulator measure RPL performance within medium and high-density networks. We adopted two routing metrics for path selection: First one is HOP Count (HC) and the second is Expected Transmission Unit (ETX) to evaluate RPL performance in terms of packet delivery ratio; network latency; control traffic overhead; and power consumption. Our results illustrate that routes with ETX calculations in low and medium network densities outperform routes using HC and the performance decreases as the network becomes dense. However, Cooja implementation results provides an average reasonable performance for AMI with high-density networks; still many RPL nodes suffering from high packet loss rates, network congestion and many retransmissions due to the selection of optimal paths with highly unreliable links.

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An optimization of the object function for routing protocol of low-power and Lossy networks

Cited by 41 publications

References 9 publications

A Survey of Limitations and Enhancements of the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks: A Focus on Core Operations

A Survey of Limitations and Enhancements of the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks: A Focus on Core Operations

Cyber Security Beyond the Industry 4.0 Era. A Short Review on a Few Technological Promises

RPL Routing Protocol Performance in Smart Grid Applications Based Wireless Sensors: Experimental and Simulated Analysis

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