A Survey of Limitations and Enhancements of the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks: A Focus on Core Operations

Ghaleb, Baraq; Al‐Dubai, Ahmed; Ekonomou, Elias; Alsarhan, Ayoub; Nasser, Youssef; Mackenzie, Lewis; Boukerche, Azzedine

doi:10.1109/comst.2018.2874356

Cited by 109 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…The presented analysis and evaluation of RPL behavior are done while targeting only a single objective function. Moreover, the authors in Ghaleb et al addressed enhancements of RPL in three fields: routing maintenance, objective functions, and downward routing enhancements, while in Kamgueu et al, RPL enhancements addressed topology, security, and mobility.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mathematical framework for effective routing over low power and lossy networks

Damaj

Mardini

Mouftah

2020

Int J Communication

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Summary With the rapid advancement in the Internet of things, protocols are challenged to perform routing with low power over lossy networks (RPLs). Performance analysis of RPL attracted many researchers in the field. However, to the best of our knowledge, limited or no studies have been made to develop heterogeneous analytical models that aim at the classification and ranking of RPL deployments based on combinations of desired properties. In this paper, we develop an analytical framework that captures the effectiveness of RPL and enables its sound evaluation and classification. Performance metrics include power consumption, churn in, received packets, and duty cycle, to name but a few. The obtained results based on our analytical framework confirms its effectiveness compared to the simulation results obtained in the literature. The best performance is noted for the deployments with 50 m of range and for different number of nodes.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mathematical framework for effective routing over low power and lossy networks

Damaj

Mardini

Mouftah

2020

Int J Communication

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“…RPL is an extended distance vector-based protocol for IoT. Routing limitations and challenges in sensor networks, as the most salient subset of IoT, distinguishes it from all other distributed systems [24]. Such limitations affect the whole design of wireless sensor networks, including various protocols and algorithms of other classifications of IoT.…”

Section: ) Cluster-based Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Enhanced Distributed Data Aggregation Method in the Internet of Things

Homaei¹,

Salwana²,

Shamshirband³

2019

Preprint

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As a novel concept in technology and communication world, “Internet of Things (IoT)” has been emerged. In such modern technology, the capability to transmit data through data communication networks (such as Internet or Intranet) is provided for each organism (e.g. human being, animals, things, and so forth). Due to the limited hardware and communication operational capability as well as small dimensions, IoT undergoes quite a few challenges. Such inherent challenges not only cause fundamental restrictions in the efficiency of aggregation, transmission, and communication between nodes; but they also degrade routing performance. To cope with the reduced availability time and unstable communications among nodes, data aggregation and transmission approaches in such networks are designed more intelligently. In this paper, a distributed method is proposed to set child balance among nodes. In this method, the height of the network graph is increased through restricting the degree; and network congestion is reduced as a result. Besides, a dynamic data aggregation approach -named as LA-RPL- is proposed for RPL networks. More specifically, each node is equipped with learning automata in order to perform data aggregation and transmissions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms previously suggested based approaches in terms of energy consumption, network control overhead, and packet loss rate.

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“…RPL was standardized for 6LoWPAN networks bringing the concept of IoT into real life. Since then, many studies have evaluated the performance of RPL and they have suggested some improvements to potential shortcomings and open issues [13,14]. In the literature, many research works have carried out on various aspects of RPL based wireless sensor networks (WSNs), such as load balancing, energy conservation, QoS support, and protocol optimization [15].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Resource Oriented Route Selection Framework Using Contextual Information Based on Fuzzy Logic

Bhandari

Cho

2019

Electronics

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Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to have a significant impact on city’s service provisioning and make a smart city more accessible and pragmatic since the deployment of heterogeneous smart devices in each infrastructure of cities is increasing. So far, the IPv6 routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL) is considered to fit on IoT infrastructure for achieving the expected network requirements. While RPL meets the IoT network requirements quite well, there are some issues that need to be addressed, such as adaptability to network dynamics. This issue significantly limits the use of RPL in many smart city application scenarios, such as emergency alerts with high traffic flows. As part of a smart city vision, IoT applications are becoming more diverse, which requires context-awareness in routing protocols to support the behavior of the network. To address this issue, we design an objective function that performs the route selection based on fuzzy logic techniques while using contextual information from the application. For this, we present a new context-oriented objective function (COOF) that comprises both nodes as well as link metrics. Further, we suggest two new routing metrics, known as queue fluctuation index (QFI) and residual energy index (REI), which consider the status of queue utilization and remaining energy, respectively. The metrics used are designed to respond to the dynamic needs of the network. The proposed approach has been examined and evaluated in different scenarios when compared to other similar approach and default RPL objective functions. Simulation experiments are conducted in Cooja network simulator for Contiki OS. The evaluation results show that COOF can cope with network dynamics and IoT-based smart city application requirements.

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A Survey of Limitations and Enhancements of the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks: A Focus on Core Operations

Cited by 109 publications

References 110 publications

A mathematical framework for effective routing over low power and lossy networks

A mathematical framework for effective routing over low power and lossy networks

An Enhanced Distributed Data Aggregation Method in the Internet of Things

A Resource Oriented Route Selection Framework Using Contextual Information Based on Fuzzy Logic

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