“…The air cooled by green spaces accumulates to form a three-dimensional (3D) urban cool island that can reduce cooling energy demand within and around urban areas [12], [2], [23], [24], [25], [26] and [27]. Thus, green spaces may act as natural air conditioning and save building energy, especially during the hotter summer daytime [28], [29], [30], [31] and [32]. However, most studies to date have only examined the cooling effect of green spaces and changes in air temperature across horizontal scales [12], [23] and [24], while the potential to save energy via 3D (both horizontal and vertical) cooling has not been studied extensively.…”