An optimization method for formulating model-based jet fuel surrogate by emulating physical, gas phase chemical properties and threshold sooting index (TSI) of real jet fuel under engine relevant conditions

From fundamental study to practical application of kerosene in compression ignition engines: An experimental and modeling review

“…51,70,85,154 The second class of surrogate was a surrogate that could emulate both the chemical and the physical properties of kerosene. 82,85,156–159…”

“…Table 3 shows a compilation of the latest as well as significant kerosene surrogates from the literature, the number of species and reactions in their respective reaction mechanisms, as well as the target properties that each surrogate was made to emulate. 45,51,56,68–70,82,85,154–156,158,161,163–186…”

“…182 In 2018, the authors’ group proposed two kerosene surrogates (S1 and S2) by emulating physical properties, gas phase chemical properties, and TSI of real kerosene. 156 S1 was composed of five components including decalin, n -dodecane, iso-cetane, iso-octane, and toluene (0.005/0.4011/0.1249/0.098/0.371 by mole fraction), while S2 is a mixture of the same components but different in proportions (0.1449/0.3706/0.2059/0.0195/0.2591 by mole fraction). Due to the stringent target properties used in this work, the surrogate S1 performed best in assessing ignition characteristics attributed to its elaborate chemical properties, making it the most suitable candidate for chemical dominated combustion like premixed engine combustion.…”

“…Based on the newly proposed surrogates, a skeletal chemical reaction mechanism containing 74 species and 189 reactions was developed and well validated against the experimental results of ignition delay times, species concentrations and laminar flame speeds, as well as constant volume spray. 156 The major reaction pathways of this skeletal mechanism are shown in Figure 16. In the follow-up study, the authors’ group further conducted the validation of this mechanism in an optical engine.…”

“…155 This may be one possible reason why very few 3D engine simulations regarding kerosene were done as compared to other fuels like diesel, 194 gasoline, 195 and biofuels. 196 To the best of the authors’ knowledge, in addition to the simulations done by the authors’ group, 156,157,181,182 the simulation of in-cylinder kerosene combustion in DICI engines had only been done by Kavuri et al 197 and Shrestha et al 191 Kavuri et al 197 used a primary reference fuel (PRF) mechanism to simulate the combustion of gasoline, kerosene, and diesel by varying the proportion of iso-octane and n -heptane depending on the CN of each fuel used. On the other hand, Shrestha et al 191 used a two-component surrogate consisting of 0.6 n -dodecane/0.4 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene by volume fraction.…”