An Optimal Charging Strategy for PV-Based Battery Swapping Stations in a DC Distribution System

Abstract

Photovoltaic-(PV-) based battery swapping stations (BSSs) utilize a typical integration of consumable renewable resources to supply power for electric vehicles (EVs). The charging strategy of PV-based BSSs directly influences the availability, cost, and carbon emissions of the swapping service. This paper proposes an optimal charging strategy to improve the self-consumption of PV-generated power and service availability while considering forecast errors. First, we introduce the typical structure and operation model of PV-based BSSs. Second, three indexes are presented to evaluate operational performance. Then, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is developed to calculate the optimal charging power and to minimize the charging cost for each time slot. The proposed charging strategy helps decrease the impact of forecast uncertainties on the availability of the battery swapping service. Finally, a day-ahead operation schedule, a real-time decision-making strategy, and the proposed PSO charging strategy for PV-based BSSs are simulated in a case study. The simulation results show that the proposed strategy can effectively improve the self-consumption of PV-generated power and reduce charging cost.

Battery Swapping Stations- A Viable Option for Faster Adoption of EVs in India

“…The actual output power (DC) of the PV system is mainly affected by solar irradiance and ambient temperature. To improve the service availability of solarbased BSS without increasing the charging cost, the use of BESS-based BSS would be a good solution to the problem 8 . If the power supply input is from the grid, then a rectifier is used whereas in the case of power supply input from solar energy or BESS, then a chopper or linear switching regulator is used.…”

Optimal sizing of PV and battery-based energy storage in an off-grid nanogrid supplying batteries to a battery swapping station

“…At a BSS, depleted batteries in an EV can be swapped momentarily with fully-charged ones. And existing works for PV-based BSSs [32,35] mainly focus on centralized structures, in which large-scale centralized PV generation recharges all the depleted batteries centrally. Such structures require a lot of space to install centralized PV panels, and thus they are costly when the BSSs locate in urban areas.…”

Multi-objective Optimal Operation of Centralized Battery Swap Charging System with Photovoltaic

“…It is found that green vehicles could help a PV-driven CBCS reduce its cost by using batteries as distributed storage. Similarly, to pursue the economic operation of the PV-powered BSS, [22] proposes an optimal charging scheme for BSSs with PV, which is solved by a heuristic optimization algorithm to reduce the cost. In addition, [23] presents a combined optimization method for the configuration and operation of the BSS with PV, while pursuing the economic efficiency, which also verifies the necessity of considering uncertain PV power.…”