An optical up-conversion light gate with picosecond resolution

Mahr, H.; Hirsch, Mitchell D.

doi:10.1016/0030-4018(75)90017-6

Cited by 210 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Inspired by the timeresolved fluorescence upconversion experiments [40] and by the optical sampling (OS) oscilloscope [41], the principle of our method is based on asynchronous OS (see Fig. 1.a).…”

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confidence: 99%

Optical Rogue Waves in Integrable Turbulence

2015

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We report optical fiber experiments allowing to investigate integrable turbulence in the focusing regime of the one dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation (1D-NLSE). Our experiments are very similar in their principle to water tank experiments with random initial conditions (see M. Onorato et al. Phys. Rev. E 70 067302 (2004)). Using an original optical sampling setup, we measure precisely the probability density function (PDF) of optical power of partially coherent waves rapidly fluctuating with time. The PDF is found to evolve from the normal law to a strong heavy-tailed distribution, thus revealing the formation of rogue waves in integrable turbulence. Numerical simulations of 1D-NLSE with stochastic initial conditions reproduce quantitatively the experiments. Our investigations suggest that the statistical features experimentally observed rely on the stochastic generation of coherent analytic solutions of 1D-NLSE such as Peregrine solitons.The field of nonlinear optics has recently grown as a favorable laboratory to investigate both statistical properties of nonlinear random waves and hydrodynamic-like phenomena [1][2][3]. In particular, several recent works point out analogies between hydrodynamics and nonlinear fiber optics in the observation of supercontinuum generation [4], undular bores [2], optical turbulence, laminarturbulent transition [1] or oceanographic rogue waves (RW) [5,6].Rogue waves (RW), also called freak waves, are extremely large amplitude waves occurring more frequently than expected from the normal law [7,8] As stressed out in the recent review [6], there is no obvious analogy between most of the optical experiments on extreme events and oceanography. However a direct correspondence between nonlinear optics and hydrodynamics is provided by the one-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation (1D-NLSE) (see Eq. (1)) that describes various wave systems [6,18]. In particular, the focusing 1D-NLSE describes at leading order the physics of deep-water wave trains and it plays a central role in the study of RW [6-8, 18, 19].Modulational instability (MI) is believed to be a fundamental mechanism for the formation of RW [8,20]. Moreover, analytical solutions of the integrable 1D-NLSE such a Akhmediev breathers (AB), Peregrine solitons or Kuznetsov-Ma solitons (KMs) are now considered as possible prototypes of RW [19,[21][22][23]. These coherent structures have been generated from very specific, carefullydesigned coherent initial conditions in optical fiber experiments [21,23,24].On the contrary, oceanic RW emerge from the interplay of incoherent waves in turbulent systems. The occurrence of RW in wave turbulence has been theoretically studied in optics [25,26] and in hydrodynamics [27]. In hydrodynamical experiments made with one-dimensional water tanks, non gaussian statistics of the wave height has been found to emerge from random initial conditions [20,28].The appropriate theoretical framework combining a statistical approach of random waves together with the 1D-NLSE is integrable turbulence...

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confidence: 99%

Optical Rogue Waves in Integrable Turbulence

2015

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“…They converted the light of a mode-locked He-Ne laser into UV light by mixing with the sampling pulses produced by a mode-locked Nd-glass laser in a KDP crystal [11]. In 1975 Mahr first demonstrated that up-conversion (optical mixing) could be used to measure very low level subnanosecond light pulses with a good spectral resolution and a time resolution only limited by the pulse duration [12]. The luminescence emitted after a laser pulse excitation is mixed with the other half of the laser pulse in a nonlinear optical crystal to generate sum frequency radiation.…”

Section: Historical Background Of the Time-gated Up-conversion Techniquementioning

confidence: 98%

Investigation of Femtosecond Chemical Reactivity by Means of Fluorescence Up-Conversion

Mialocq¹,

Gustavsson²

2001

New Trends in Fluorescence Spectroscopy

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Fluorescence spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the study of the reactivity of chemical and biological systems. The fluorescence spectrum, the fluorescence quantum yield, and the fluorescence lifetime of a chromophore depend on its microenvironment and the solute-solvent interactions. Fluorescence lifetimes also depend on the kinetics of possible chemical reactions. Fluorescence measurements in the time domain thus provide detailed information about intraand inter-molecular photophysical and photochemical processes. During the past 30 years the development of laser sources and ultrafast techniques has opened new ways for the study of the fluorescent excited states of molecules in the nano-, pico-, and femtosecond time range. When analyzing the rise and the decay (often multi-exponential) of their fluorescence intensity as a function of time, the pre-exponential factors and the fluorescence time constants have to be determined accurately after a careful deconvolution using a computer-based algorithm. Several techniques are used: phase modulation spectroscopy with a modulated laser pump source on a time scale comparable to the decay times of interest, time-correlated single photon counting under picosecond laser excitation (alternatively nanosecond flashlamp excitation), ultra-fast streak cameras designed for the conversion of time dependent light emission into distance dependent electron impact on a phosphor screen. Because a sufficient resolution is not accessible with those techniques for the measurement of fast decays in the 50 fs-100 ps range, fluorescence up-conversion in nonlinear optical crystals is the technique of choice. Nanosecond and Picosecond Time-Resolved Fluorescence TechniquesThe fluorescence lifetime TF of a molecule is the reciprocal of the rate TF of depopulation of the first excited singlet state following optical excitation from the ground state. In the case of a monoexponential decay TF is given by

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“…They proved fruitful in many research areas, e.g., characterization of carrier dynamics in semiconductors, 1,2 parametric up-conversion processes, 3 femtosecond spectroscopy, 4 and nondestructive examination of materials, 5 just to name a few.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced temporal resolution in femtosecond dynamic-grating experiments

Hsieh

Beyer

Maxein

et al. 2005

Journal of Applied Physics

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Recording of gratings by interference of two pump pulses and diffraction of a third probe pulse is useful for investigating ultrafast material phenomena. We demonstrate, in theory and experiment, that the temporal resolution in such configurations does not degrade appreciably even for large angular separation between the pump pulses. Transient Kerr gratings are generated inside calcium fluoride ͑CaF 2 ͒ crystals by two interfering femtosecond ͑pump͒ pulses at 388 nm and read out by a Bragg-matched probe pulse at 776 nm. The solution to the relevant coupled-mode equations is well corroborated by the experimental results, yielding a value of the Kerr coefficient of Ϸ4.4 ϫ 10 −7 cm 2 / GW for CaF 2 .

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An optical up-conversion light gate with picosecond resolution

Cited by 210 publications

References 27 publications

Optical Rogue Waves in Integrable Turbulence

Optical Rogue Waves in Integrable Turbulence

Investigation of Femtosecond Chemical Reactivity by Means of Fluorescence Up-Conversion

Enhanced temporal resolution in femtosecond dynamic-grating experiments

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