“…The POSS provides guidance for clinical decision making with interventions or actions that can be taken by clinicians in response to concerning levels of sedation. Reliability and validity have been established for the POSS for use on general care units in monitoring patients receiving opioid analgesics (Bartoszek et al, 2017;Cooper, Stannard, & Noble, 2015;Davis et al, 2017;Kobelt et al, 2014;Nisbet & Mooney-Cotter, 2009;Quinlan-Colwell, Thear, Miller-Baldwin, & Smith, 2017;Savelloni et al, 2017). Validated and standardized sedation scales or measures should be incorporated in routine monitoring of patients receiving opioids to guide critical thinking skills and informed decisions about managing pain, sedation, and patient safety.…”