An object-oriented operator's interface for real-time process control expert systems

How Canada can supply Europe with critical energy by creating a Trans‐Atlantic energy bridge

“…We can therefore use energy price as a rough barometer for what is going on in the world and assess the relative health, resiliency, and security of global energy systems. Figure 3 shows the US prices for crude oil (US refiner's composite cost), natural gas (US, at the city gates), and coal (US export mix), adjusted for inflation and presented in August 2022 US dollars on a per GJ of higher heating value (HHV) basis (see [ 1 ] for complete methodology, which has been updated from my previous publications on price histories). This gives us a good ‘big picture’ view of energy in North America.…”

“…Prices are in US August 2022 dollars per billion joules of higher heating value (GJ HHV ) of commodity. See the previous work [ 1 ] for methodology. EIA, US Energy Information Administration…”

“…As discussed in more detail in prior work, [ 25 ] oil and gas prices were fully coupled from 1984 (and, in fact, much before it) until 2006, when hurricane Katrina significantly disrupted oil networks and prices. Exceptions are seen in a few places, such as from impacts on oil (and not gas) of the Persian Gulf War in August 1990, but the correlation from 1984 to 2005 (inclusive) is remarkable (see [ 1 ] for a numerical analysis of the data). This breaks down in 2008, as the paradigm shift toward shale gas production wrought by innovative technology developments in hydraulic fracturing takes hold.…”

“…Small portions of the text were reprinted or modified from the corresponding extended abstract. [1] 2 | ENERGY SECURITY WEAK POINTS IN CANADA AND EUROPE…”

“…Small portions of the text were reprinted or modified from the corresponding extended abstract. [ 1 ]…”