An MMPI-2 Scale to Detect Malingered Depression (Md Scale)

Steffan, Jarrod S.; Clopton, James R.; Morgan, Robert D.

doi:10.1177/1073191103259548

Cited by 30 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The MMPI-2 overreporting scales have also shown utility in detecting overreporting of symptoms related to specific disorders, including SCH (e.g., Bagby et al 1997a, b), MDD (e.g., Bagby et al 1997a;Steffan et al 2003), and PTSD (e.g., Elhai et al 2001;Efendov et al 2008;Wetter et al 1994). These validity scales are more accurate in detecting overreporting of psychotic-like psychopathology (i.e., symptoms of SCH; e.g., Bagby et al 1997a).…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

The Detection of Feigned Psychiatric Disorders Using the MMPI-2-RF Overreporting Validity Scales: An Analog Investigation

Marion

Sellbom

Bagby

2011

Psychol. Inj. and Law

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Individuals who are motivated to feign psychological problems to achieve a desired outcome (e.g., insanity defense) may overreport symptoms of psychopathology, with type of pathology being dependent on the setting. In the current investigation, we examined the utility of the overreporting validity scales (infrequent responses [F-r], infrequent psychopathology responses [F P -r], infrequent somatic responses [Fs], and symptom validity [FBS-r]) on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (Ben-Porath and Tellegen 2008) to detect research participants instructed to simulate one of three mental disorders: major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SCH), or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The restructured clinical (RC) and overreporting validity scale scores of bona fide psychiatric patients with a primary diagnosis of either MDD, SCH, or PTSD were compared to two groups of simulators-naïve (i.e., undergraduate students with no training in mental disorders) and sophisticated (i.e., individuals with advanced training in psychopathology or personal experience with the disorder asked to overreport symptoms). Examination of the RC Scale profiles revealed that the sophisticated simulators produced symptom profiles more similar to the profiles of the psychiatric patients than did the naïve simulators. For the overreporting validity scales, the sophisticated simulators were less likely to be detected as feigning compared to the naïve simulators; overall, the validity scales were able to distinguish patients from simulators and accurately classify most of the simulators regardless of their level of "symptom" sophistication. Examination and comparison of the validity scales revealed that across disorders and level of research participant symptom sophistication, the F P -r scale best differentiated simulators from patients.

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confidence: 96%

The Detection of Feigned Psychiatric Disorders Using the MMPI-2-RF Overreporting Validity Scales: An Analog Investigation

Marion

Sellbom

Bagby

2011

Psychol. Inj. and Law

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“…Thus, QMEs should keep in mind the ways that the context of being an injured worker can impact the assessment process and scores on various instruments. For example, cultural context, including ethnicity and being an injured worker, can impact scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (Butcher, Graham, Ben-Porath, Tellegen, & Dahlstrom, 2003;MMPI-2), the most commonly used personality assessment in forensic settings (Steffan, Clopton, & Morgan, 2003). Consider a worker with an elevation on the F scale, measuring atypicality in responses to test items; high scores can lead to a determination that the profile is invalid.…”

Section: Ethical Challengesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Professional and Ethical Challenges in Determinations of Causality of Psychological Disability

Gholizadeh

Malcarne

2015

Psychol. Inj. and Law

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Psychologists serving as Qualified Medical Examiners (QMEs) in settings where mental and emotional damage claims (i.e., psychological disability stemming from psychological injury) are involved typically must comment not only upon the impact of the injury on the individual's functioning and quality of life, but also on the causality of the psychological disability. This is a highly specialized endeavor for which little guidance exists. The disparate conceptualizations of causality in the fields of psychology and law and the unavoidable complexities associated with determining causality, especially the apportionment of causality across industrial and non-industrial factors, are discussed. The questions at the core of the present paper are: 1) What are the ethical challenges facing psychologists working as QMEs who are tasked with determining causality of psychological disability in the ways currently required by the law, and 2) What considerations should guide ethically-minded psychologists in such settings? The authors argue that, although some level of subjectivity is unavoidable, psychologists working within the legal system can take the lead in bringing an evidence-based approach and greater scientific rigor to the high-stakes causal evaluations required as a basis for determining compensation for injured workers.

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“…Additional MMPI-2 validity scales included the F-K index (Gough, 1950), Infrequency Psychopathology Scale (Fp; Arbisi & Ben-Porath, 1995), the Superlative Scale (S; Butcher & Han, 1995), Dissimulation Scale (Ds; Gough, 1954), Fake Bad Scale (FBS; LeesHaley et al, 1991), Response Bias Scale (RBS; Gervais, 2005), and the Malingered Depression Scale (Md; Steffan et al, 2003). In addition to MMPI-2 validity scales, data were available for all clinical scales: Hypochondriasis (Hs), Depression (Dep), Hysteria (Hy), Psychopathic Deviate (Pd ), Masculinity-Femininity (Mf ), Paranoia (Pa), Psychasthenia (Pt), Schizophrenia (Sc), Hypomania (Ma), and Social Introversion (Si ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of MMPI-2 to predict cognitive effort: A hierarchically optimal classification tree analysis

Smart

Nelson

Sweet

et al. 2008

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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Neuropsychologists routinely rely on response validity measures to evaluate the authenticity of test performances. However, the relationship between cognitive and psychological response validity measures is not clearly understood. It remains to be seen whether psychological test results can predict the outcome of response validity testing in clinical and civil forensic samples. The present analysis applied a unique statistical approach, classification tree methodology (Optimal Data Analysis: ODA), in a sample of 307 individuals who had completed the MMPI-2 and a variety of cognitive effort measures. One hundred ninety-eight participants were evaluated in a secondary gain context, and 109 had no identifiable secondary gain. Through recurrent dichotomous discriminations, ODA provided optimized linear decision trees to classify either sufficient effort (SE) or insufficient effort (IE) according to various MMPI-2 scale cutoffs. After "pruning" of an initial, complex classification tree, the Response Bias Scale (RBS) took precedence in classifying cognitive effort. After removing RBS from the model, Hy took precedence in classifying IE. The present findings provide MMPI-2 scores that may be associated with SE and IE among civil litigants and claimants, in addition to illustrating the complexity with which MMPI-2 scores and effort test results are associated in the litigation context. (JINS, 2008, 14, 842-852.)

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An MMPI-2 Scale to Detect Malingered Depression (Md Scale)

Cited by 30 publications

References 35 publications

The Detection of Feigned Psychiatric Disorders Using the MMPI-2-RF Overreporting Validity Scales: An Analog Investigation

The Detection of Feigned Psychiatric Disorders Using the MMPI-2-RF Overreporting Validity Scales: An Analog Investigation

Professional and Ethical Challenges in Determinations of Causality of Psychological Disability

Use of MMPI-2 to predict cognitive effort: A hierarchically optimal classification tree analysis

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