An Investigation of Using Loop-Back Mechanism for Channel Reciprocity Enhancement in Secret Key Generation

Peng, Linning; Li, Guyue; Zhang, Junqing; Woods, Roger; Liu, Ming; Hu, Aiqun

doi:10.1109/tmc.2018.2842215

Cited by 44 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Alice and Bob use combinatorial observations, such as X A X B , to generate secret keys. However, these protocols may complicate the channel sounding process and have potential security issues, since passive eavesdroppers might succeed in capturing the entire transmissions [208].…”

Section: ) Fdd Modementioning

confidence: 99%

A New Frontier for IoT Security Emerging From Three Decades of Key Generation Relying on Wireless Channels

et al. 2020

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology, which is revolutionizing our everyday life by connecting everyone and everything together. The massive number of devices are preferably connected wirelessly because of the easy installment and flexible deployment. However, the broadcast nature of the wireless medium makes the information accessible to everyone including malicious users, which should hence be protected by encryption. Unfortunately, the secure and efficient provision of cryptographic keys for low-cost IoT devices is challenging; weak keys have resulted in severe security breaches, as evidenced by numerous notorious cyberattacks. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of lightweight security solutions conceived for IoT, relying on key generation from wireless channels. We first introduce the key generation fundamentals and protocols. We then examine how to apply this emerging technique to secure IoT and demonstrate that key generation relying on the randomness of wireless channels is eminently suitable for IoT. This paper reviews the extensive research efforts in the areas of theoretical modelling, simulation based validation and experimental exploration. We finally discuss the hurdles and challenges that key generation is facing and suggest future work to make key generation a reliable and secure solution to safeguard the IoT.

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Section: ) Fdd Modementioning

confidence: 99%

A New Frontier for IoT Security Emerging From Three Decades of Key Generation Relying on Wireless Channels

et al. 2020

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“…A second way is to establish combinatorial channels with reciprocal channel gains with the aid of an additional reverse channel training phase, termed as loopback based protocols [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. However, these protocols may complicate the channel sounding process and have potential security threats due to passive eavesdropper capturing entire transmissions [ 32 ].…”

Section: Crkg In Three Typical Duplex Modesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Layer Key Generation in 5G and Beyond Wireless Communications: Challenges and Opportunities

Sun

Zhang

et al. 2019

Entropy

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The fifth generation (5G) and beyond wireless communications will transform many exciting applications and trigger massive data connections with private, confidential, and sensitive information. The security of wireless communications is conventionally established by cryptographic schemes and protocols in which the secret key distribution is one of the essential primitives. However, traditional cryptography-based key distribution protocols might be challenged in the 5G and beyond communications because of special features such as device-to-device and heterogeneous communications, and ultra-low latency requirements. Channel reciprocity-based key generation (CRKG) is an emerging physical layer-based technique to establish secret keys between devices. This article reviews CRKG when the 5G and beyond networks employ three candidate technologies: duplex modes, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and mmWave communications. We identify the opportunities and challenges for CRKG and provide corresponding solutions. To further demonstrate the feasibility of CRKG in practical communication systems, we overview existing prototypes with different IoT protocols and examine their performance in real-world environments. This article shows the feasibility and promising performances of CRKG with the potential to be commercialized.

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“…Duplexing is handled in a TDD mode. Therefore, OFDM has been employed for improving the key generation rate by exploiting the randomness both in the time-and in the frequency-domains [27]- [30].…”

Section: Ofdma-based Multi-user Key Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) randomness test suite [31] is a popular tool for evaluating the randomness of the output of the random number generator (RNG) and pseudo random number generator (PRNG). It has been widely used in the key generation research area [8]- [10], [12]- [14], [17], [21], [28], [30], and it is also adopted in this paper.…”

Section: Metricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of an Efficient OFDMA-Based Multi-User Key Generation Protocol

Zhang

Ding

Liu

et al. 2019

IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.

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Secret key generation exploits the unique random features of wireless channels, hence it is eminently suitable for the resource constrained Internet of Things applications. However, it has only been involved for single links between a pair of users, whilst there is a paucity of literature on group and multi-user key generation. This paper proposes an orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA)-based multi-user key generation protocol to efficiently establish keys in a star topology. The uplink and downlink multi-user access facilitated by OFDMA allows the central node to simultaneously communicate with multiple users, which can significantly reduce the channel probing overhead. In particular, we provide a compelling case study of multi-user secret key generation by designing a prototype based on IEEE 802.11ax, a new Wi-Fi standard to be released. Our simulation results have demonstrated that the OFDMA-based multi-user key generation protocol incurs low interference amongst the users, whilst benefiting from channel reciprocity and generating unique random keys.

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An Investigation of Using Loop-Back Mechanism for Channel Reciprocity Enhancement in Secret Key Generation

Cited by 44 publications

References 52 publications

A New Frontier for IoT Security Emerging From Three Decades of Key Generation Relying on Wireless Channels

A New Frontier for IoT Security Emerging From Three Decades of Key Generation Relying on Wireless Channels

Physical Layer Key Generation in 5G and Beyond Wireless Communications: Challenges and Opportunities

Design of an Efficient OFDMA-Based Multi-User Key Generation Protocol

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