An investigation of trauma-associated appraisals and posttraumatic stress disorder in British and Asian trauma survivors: the development of the Public and Communal Self Appraisals Measure (PCSAM)

Engelbrecht, Alberta; Jobson, Laura

doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-44

Cited by 21 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…It is clear that findings in this area are mixed and further cross-cultural research in relation to the PTCI is required. Engelbrecht and Jobson (2014) suggest that the PTCI may better account for PTSD in trauma survivors from individualistic cultures than collectivistic cultures because the PTCI tends to assess individualistic-type appraisals (e.g., I am a weak person, I am inadequate, I can't rely on myself ). There is very little focus on appraisals that focus on communal (relationships and interdependence) and interdependent, public (i.e., social roles and identities) aspects of self; those self-aspects emphasised in collectivistic cultures (Markus & Kitayama, 2010).…”

Section: Empirical Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of culture on cognitive appraisals: Implications for the development, maintenance, and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder

Bernardi

Engelbrecht

Jobson

2019

Clinical Psychologist

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Objective: Cognitive appraisals have a central role in the development, maintenance, and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Accumulating cross-cultural psychology research has demonstrated that culture affects the way in which an individual cognitively appraises an everyday experience. However, to date, there is little empirical work considering the influence of culture on cognitive appraisals in PTSD and the implications for treatment. The objective of this review article was to consider how culture may impact on the cognitive appraisals central to PTSD.Method: First, we reviewed the role of appraisals in the prominent cognitive models of PTSD. Second, we discussed the cross-culture psychology literature on the influence of culture on appraisals. Third, we considered the impact of culture on trauma-related appraisals and associated clinical implications. Finally, we considered implications for the tailoring of clinical treatment for individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds.Results: It was found that culture influences appraisals; a key psychological process highlighted by cognitive models as predictive of PTSD. In particular, cultural differences in self-understanding influence how individuals appraise experiences in terms of agency, control, mental defeat, and negative independent appraisals of self; appraisals central to PTSD.Conclusions: Empirical work is needed in order to investigate the influence of culture on trauma-related appraisals in the context of PTSD in order to improve theoretical models and clinical approaches. Key Points1 Cognitive appraisals are central to the understanding of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Crosscultural psychology research has shown culture affects the way in which an individual cognitively appraises an experience. 2 This review article considered how culture may impact on the cognitive appraisals central to the development, maintenance, and treatment of PTSD symptoms. 3 Assessment and treatment implications for individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds were considered.Cognitive factors are one of the best predictors for identifying posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Kleim, Ehlers, & Glucksman, 2007) and are targeted in evidence-based interventions for PTSD (Resick, 2001).

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Section: Empirical Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of culture on cognitive appraisals: Implications for the development, maintenance, and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder

Bernardi

Engelbrecht

Jobson

2019

Clinical Psychologist

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“…This agrees with what was reported in the literatures as that exposure to community violence increases the risk for drug abuse. 23 There is a statistically insignificant association between smoking habit and alcohol drinking with a score of community violence exposure, this finding might be interpreted by the fact that the exposure to community violence occurred during childhood (age less than 15 years) and the effect of trauma on children depends on many factors such as age, self-esteem, nature of stress, developmental level, personality, religious affiliation, availability of social support, a nurturing family and culture; the culture influences how people react to different cognitive appraisals so that reactions generally correspond and reinforce cultural norms, 26 many researches stated that intellectual skills and social cognitive abilities functions are protective factors. 27,28 Family bonding and substance use:…”

Section: Community Violence Exposure and Substance Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Impact and relationship of childhood experiences and substance abuse in a population of Baghdad City, Iraq

Lafta

Shawi

Nuaimi

et al. 2015

SE Asia J. Pub. Health

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Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) (e.g. abuse, neglect, violence between parents or caregivers, and community violence) are associated with higher rates of depression, tobacco use, alcoholism, illicit drug use and attempted suicide among adult population. The objective of this study is to identify the relationship of childhood experiences to substance use during adulthood in a sample from Baghdad city. A multistage sampling technique was used to choose respondents from primary health care centers and universities. Childhood experiences were measured by applying a modified standardized Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) to inquire about the negative childhood experiences (household dysfunction and abuse, and exposure to community and collective violence) and positive childhood experiences presented by bonding to family. A total of 1040 subjects were surveyed and 1000 responded, making a response rate of 96.2%. The mean score of household dysfunction and abuse is significantly higher among those with a positive history of taking sedative drugs (24.1) compared to those with a negative history (12.3). The association between sedative drugs use and the score of household dysfunction and abuse is rated as a strong association. A strong association was found between history of alcohol drinking and a higher score of household dysfunction and abuse. The mean score of bonding to family (76.2) is significantly higher among those with a negative history of sedative drug use compared to the mean score of bonding to family of subjects with a positive history of sedative drug use (65.3). It can be concluded from this study that sedative drug use is strongly associated with household dysfunction and abuse, the same is for alcohol drinking. Special national programs, including prevention and intervention strategies, are needed to build resilience among people targeting early adverse childhood experiences and their consequences.

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“…The current research was part of a project investigating the influence of culture on two psychological processes involved in the development and maintenance of PTSD: appraisals and self-concept. Engelbrecht and Jobson (2014) reported on data focusing on the influence of culture on the first component, trauma appraisals, and its implications for post-trauma psychological adjustment in a sample of British and Asian trauma survivors. The aims of the current research were to focus on the second component and investigate the relationships between post-trauma disruptions in self-concept (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-concept, post-traumatic self-appraisals and post-traumatic psychological adjustment: what are the relationships?

Engelbrecht

Jobson

2020

Behav. Cogn. Psychother.

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Background:Cognitive models of post-traumatic psychological adjustment have implicated both self-concept and self-appraisals in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Two studies investigated the relationship between self-concept and trauma-related self-appraisals, and whether culture influenced this relationship.Method:In Study 1, a student sample (Asian n = 41, British n = 34) who self-identified as having been through a trauma or extremely stressful event completed measures of self-concept, trauma-related self-appraisals and trauma-related distress. Study 2 extended this by asking Asian (n = 47) and British (n = 48) trauma survivors with and without PTSD to complete the same self measures as those administered in Study 1.Results:Study 1 found that overall for the British group, disruptions in self-concept (i.e. self-discrepancies and trauma-themed self-concept) correlated significantly with negative self, world and self-blame appraisals and depression. However, the same was not found in the Asian group. Study 2 found that pan-culturally those with PTSD had greater self-discrepancies and trauma-defined self-concept than those without PTSD. Additionally, pan-culturally, trauma-defined self-concept correlated significantly with negative self appraisals and depression; ideal self-discrepancies correlated significantly with negative self-appraisals across cultures and depression for the British group; while ought self-discrepancies correlated significantly with negative world appraisals for the Asian group and negative self and self-blame appraisals for the British. Lastly, negative self, world and self-blame appraisals correlated with symptoms of depression.Conclusions:Taken together, the findings relay the important associations between appraisals, self-concept and post-traumatic psychological adjustment.

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An investigation of trauma-associated appraisals and posttraumatic stress disorder in British and Asian trauma survivors: the development of the Public and Communal Self Appraisals Measure (PCSAM)

Cited by 21 publications

References 49 publications

The impact of culture on cognitive appraisals: Implications for the development, maintenance, and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder

The impact of culture on cognitive appraisals: Implications for the development, maintenance, and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder

Impact and relationship of childhood experiences and substance abuse in a population of Baghdad City, Iraq

Self-concept, post-traumatic self-appraisals and post-traumatic psychological adjustment: what are the relationships?

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