The impact of culture on cognitive appraisals: Implications for the development, maintenance, and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder

Bernardi, Jessica; Engelbrecht, Alberta; Jobson, Laura

doi:10.1111/cp.12161

Cited by 19 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…However, this evidence is derived predominately from Western, English-speaking patients, and largely ignores trauma survivors from other cultural groups [6]. Hence, most existing PTSD treatments are based on Western cultural norms, beliefs and values [6][7][8]. Consequently, culturally tailored PTSD interventions are scarce [6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining Cultural Differences in the Associations between Appraisals and Emotion Regulation and PostTraumatic Stress Disorder in Malaysian and Australian Trauma Survivors

Jobson

Haque

Abdullah

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Appraisals and emotional regulation play a central role in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite research demonstrating cultural differences in everyday appraisals and emotion regulation, little research has investigated the influence of culture on these processes in PTSD. This study examined cultural differences in the associations between appraisals, emotion regulation and PTSD symptoms using trauma survivors from an individualistic Western culture (Australia) and a collectivistic Asian culture (Malaysia). Trauma survivors (N = 228; 107 Australian with European cultural heritage, 121 Malaysian with Malay, Indian or Chinese cultural heritage) completed an on-line survey assessing PTSD (PTSD Checklist for the DSM-5 with Life Events Checklist), appraisals (trauma-related, fatalism, cultural beliefs about adversity) and emotion regulation (suppression, reappraisal, interpersonal). The Malaysian group reported significantly greater fatalism, cultural beliefs about adversity, suppression and interpersonal emotion regulation than the Australian group. Greater trauma-specific appraisals, greater suppression, fewer cultural beliefs about adversity, and less use of social skills to enhance positivity were generally associated with greater PTSD symptom severity, with little evidence of cultural group moderating these associations. Interdependent self-construal mediated the relationships between cultural adversity beliefs, enhanced positivity, reappraisal, perspective taking and PTSD symptoms. Independent self-construal mediated the relationships between fatalism and perspective taking and PTSD symptoms. Cultural group did not moderate these indirect effects. Interdependent self-construal mediated the associations between interpersonal regulation strategies of soothing and social modelling with PTSD symptoms for the Malaysian but not the Australian group. These findings demonstrate the importance of considering self-construal and culture in understanding factors associated with PTSD.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining Cultural Differences in the Associations between Appraisals and Emotion Regulation and PostTraumatic Stress Disorder in Malaysian and Australian Trauma Survivors

Jobson

Haque

Abdullah

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…family members) to assist in navigating social stressors. Moreover, cultural research has also demonstrated that variations in individualism–collectivism self-identity affect cognitive appraisals of general and threatening situations (Bernadi et al, 2019; Krieg and Xu, 2018; Mesquita et al, 2016), with mental health consequences (De Vaus et al, 2017; Jobson, 2009; Liddell and Jobson, 2016). Considering how psychological and cultural mechanisms influence the impact of settlement policies on refugees may therefore be important (Nickerson et al, 2015), as well as how cultural differences may shape post-traumatic psychological symptoms depending on contextual factors like the experience of PMLDs (Jayawickreme et al, 2012; Jobson, 2009; Liddell and Jobson, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms underlying the mental health impact of family separation on resettled refugees

Liddell

Byrow

O’Donnell

et al. 2020

Aust N Z J Psychiatry

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Objective: Many refugees experience prolonged separation from family members, which research suggests has adverse effects on mental health and post-displacement outcomes in refugee populations. We examine mental health differences in refugees separated and not separated from their families, and key post-migration factors and cultural mechanisms that may underlie this impact. Methods: A sample of 1085 refugees resettled in Australia, of which 23.3% were separated from all of their immediate family, took part in an online battery of survey measures indexing pre- and post-migration refugee experiences, mental health symptoms, disability and individualistic/collectivistic self-identity. Family separation was used as a predictor of mental health outcomes in a series of linear regressions, and the separated and non-separated groups were compared in multigroup path analysis models to examine group-specific indirect effects. Results: The separated group reported greater exposure to pre-migration potentially traumatic events and higher levels of post-migration living difficulties compared to the non-separated group. Family separation predicted higher post-traumatic stress and depression symptoms, but not disability, after controlling for potentially traumatic event exposure, age and sex. Path analyses revealed distinct indirect effects for separated and non-separated groups. Principally, higher collectivistic self-identity was associated with elevated post-traumatic stress, depression and disability symptoms via social-related post-migration living difficulties such as isolation and loneliness in the separated group; whereas collectivism was linked with increased depression symptoms via economic-related post-migration living difficulties in the non-separated group. Conclusion: These findings indicate that family separation powerfully influences mental health outcomes, but that its effect may be mediated by the type of post-migration stress experienced in the settlement environment and culturally bound differences in how the sense of self is interconnected with family.

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“…Consequently, an extension of theoretical models is required, to help explain the development and maintenance of PTSD in a culturally-sensitive manner. Thus far, the existence of these models is rather limited (Bernardi, Engelbrecht, & Jobson, 2018;Hinton, Ojserkis, Jalal, Peou, & Hofmann, 2013;Maercker & Horn, 2013). In our working group, the socio-interpersonal model of PTSD was developed, which explicitly takes cultural aspects into account (Maercker & Hecker, 2016;Maercker & Horn, 2013).…”

Section: Modeling Of Culturally-specific Trauma Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developments in Psychotraumatology: A Conceptual, Biological, and Cultural Update

Maercker

Augsburger

2019

CPE

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This report discusses recent developments of psychotraumatology mainly related to the recently published ICD-11, but also from a societal point of view.The selected aspects of the development of this field will be presented as a scoping review.In the first section, the new concept of disorders specifically associated with stress and its relevant diagnostic groups (posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], complex PTSD, prolonged grief disorder, and adjustment disorder) are presented, with an emphasis on PTSD. The second section embeds these diagnostic concepts within a broader context. In particular, the concept of psychotraumatology is applied to the impact of adverse childhood experiences. More specifically, recent scientific developments are discussed with respect to biological stress research. In a third section, a global perspective is applied that reflects psychotraumatology as embedded in culturally-specific concepts. Lastly, societal developments are taken into consideration. This section focusses on recent processes of victim acknowledgement and compensation taking place in Europe and beyond. Examples are provided for how traumatic stress is perceived and processed in society. Concepts such as continuous stress and historical trauma are also discussed.Demands and opportunities of basic research and psychological interventions with a global focus are outlined.Psychotraumatology is an expanding field including both basic research and intervention-related research.Starting points of this new research area are not only potential traumatic events but also adverse childhood experiences.In a globalized world, cultural and societal factors play an increasingly important role in psychotraumatology.Psychotraumatology is an expanding field including both basic research and intervention-related research.Starting points of this new research area are not only potential traumatic events but also adverse childhood experiences.In a globalized world, cultural and societal factors play an increasingly important role in psychotraumatology.

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The impact of culture on cognitive appraisals: Implications for the development, maintenance, and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder

Cited by 19 publications

References 78 publications

Examining Cultural Differences in the Associations between Appraisals and Emotion Regulation and PostTraumatic Stress Disorder in Malaysian and Australian Trauma Survivors

Examining Cultural Differences in the Associations between Appraisals and Emotion Regulation and PostTraumatic Stress Disorder in Malaysian and Australian Trauma Survivors

Mechanisms underlying the mental health impact of family separation on resettled refugees

Developments in Psychotraumatology: A Conceptual, Biological, and Cultural Update

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