An investigation of camelpox outbreaks in two principal camel (Camelus dromedarius) rearing areas of Kenya

Gitao, C G

doi:10.20506/rst.16.3.1077

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…For CdPV infection, diagnosis was achieved mainly by TEM [36,], histopathology [ 17 , 36 – 38 ], and gel-based PCR [ 2 ]. On the other hand, various diagnostic techniques were employed for CMLV infection including virus isolation [ 7 , 10 , 39 – 52 ], TEM [ 48 ], immunohistochemistry [ 43 , 49 ], gel-based PCR [ 3 , 7 – 10 , 23 , 26 ] and real-time PCR [ 27 ]. Virus isolation in cell culture and embryonated eggs is time-consuming and besides, cannot be applied for diagnosis of CPPV and CdPV infections because these viruses are difficult to cultivate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiplex PCR for rapid diagnosis and differentiation of pox and pox-like diseases in dromedary Camels

Khalafalla

Al-Busada

El-Sabagh

2015

Virol J

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BackgroundPox and pox-like diseases of camels are a group of exanthematous skin conditions that have become increasingly important economically. Three distinct viruses may cause them: camelpox virus (CMLV), camel parapox virus (CPPV) and camelus dromedary papilloma virus (CdPV). These diseases are often difficult to differentiate based on clinical presentation in disease outbreaks. Molecular methods such as PCR targeting species-specific genes have been developed and used to identify these diseases, but not simultaneously in a single tube. Recently, multiplex PCR has gained reputation as a convenient diagnostic method with cost-and timesaving benefits.Methods and resultsIn the present communication, we describe the development, optimization and validation of a multiplex PCR assay able to detect simultaneously the genome of the three viruses in one single test allowing for rapid and efficient molecular diagnosis. The assay was developed based on the evaluation and combination of published and new primer sets and was validated with viral genomic DNA extracted from known virus strains (n = 14) and DNA extracted from homogenized clinical skin specimens (n = 86). The assay detects correctly the target pathogens by amplification of targeted genes, even in case of co-infection. The method showed high sensitivity, and the specificity was confirmed by PCR-product sequencing.ConclusionThis assay provide rapid, sensitive and specific method for identifying three important viruses in specimens collected from dromedary camels with varying clinical presentations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiplex PCR for rapid diagnosis and differentiation of pox and pox-like diseases in dromedary Camels

Khalafalla

Al-Busada

El-Sabagh

2015

Virol J

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“…In general, the course and the outcome of camelpox may vary depending on age, sex and the circulating CMLV strains differing in virulence [5,39,45,52]. Thus, the risk factors associated with higher incidence of camelpox include the average age of the animals (\4 years), the rainy season of the year, the introduction of new camels in a herd and the common watering sources [47].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Camelpox, an emerging orthopox viral disease

et al. 2013

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Camelpox is considered as emerging public health problem during this decade due to increased reported cases and outbreaks in camels. Camelpox is a contagious, often sporadic, and notifiable skin disease of camelids and is socio-economically significant as it incurs considerable loss in terms of morbidity, mortality, loss of weight and reduction in milk yield and confined to camel-rearing countries. The causative agent, camelpox virus (CMLV) is genetically closely related to variola virus and has gained much attention from researchers due to its recent emergence in human. The virus carrying genes responsible for host immune evasion mechanisms owing to the threat posed by potential bio-warfare agents. Although the disease can be diagnosed based on clinical features, the similar confounding skin lesions necessitate identification, detection and differentiation of the CMLV by molecular techniques. Vaccines are available in some countries and the available live attenuated vaccine provides long-lasting immunity. Further, novel highly sensitive and specific techniques would be useful in the identification of emerging and re-emerging virus, thereby therapeutic, prophylactic, preventive measures would be applied in time to curtail further spread of camelpox like other zoonotic diseases. This review provide overview of the camelpox particularly on its epidemiology, pathogenesis and biology of the disease, diagnostic approaches and control measures.

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“…(Gitao 1997;Zayed 1998;Byers et al 2007). The objective of this study is to provide an overview of the normal cross-sectional anatomy of the camel brain and associated structures using CT images and gross anatomic sections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computed tomography of the brain and associated structures of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius): an anatomic study

Blanco

Vázquez

Rivero

et al. 2014

Journal of Applied Animal Research

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Arencibia (2015) The purpose of the study was to provide a description of normal cross-sectional anatomy of the camel brain and associated structures using computed tomography (CT) and macroscopic cross sections. Transverse images of two isolated camel cadaver heads were obtained by an axial CT equipment. CT scans were processed with a detailed algorithm using bone and soft-tissue windows settings, and compared with the corresponding frozen cross sections of the heads, to assist in the accurate identification of brain and associated structures. CT images provided good differentiation between the bones and the soft tissues of the head. These CT images are intended to be a useful anatomic reference in the interpretation for clinical CT imaging studies of the brain and associated structures in dromedary camels.

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An investigation of camelpox outbreaks in two principal camel (Camelus dromedarius) rearing areas of Kenya

Cited by 11 publications

References 11 publications

Multiplex PCR for rapid diagnosis and differentiation of pox and pox-like diseases in dromedary Camels

Multiplex PCR for rapid diagnosis and differentiation of pox and pox-like diseases in dromedary Camels

Camelpox, an emerging orthopox viral disease

Computed tomography of the brain and associated structures of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius): an anatomic study

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