An investigation into the ecological niches and seasonal nature of
            <i>Clostridium estertheticum</i>
            and
            <i>Clostridium gasigenes</i>
            in the Irish beef farm environment

Esteves, Eden; Whyte, Paul; Gupta, Tanushree B.; Bolton, Declan

doi:10.1111/lam.13344

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…It is therefore unsurprising that strains previously identified as C. frigoriphilum or C. frigoriphilum -like have been shown to cause BPS with corresponding production of high levels of gas ( Dorn-In et al, 2018 ; Mang et al, 2021 ), which is characteristic of the species C. estertheticum ( Zhang et al, 2019 ). Furthermore, strains previously identified as C. frigoriphilum or C. frigoriphilum -like isolates have been noted to be either hemolytic or non-hemolytic ( Mang et al, 2021 ), which is also a characteristic of species C. estertheticum ( Spring, 2003 ; Yang et al, 2010 ; Esteves et al, 2020 , 2021 ). Finally, the MALDI-TOF spectra of C. frigoriphilum or C. frigoriphilum -like strains were shown to be nearly identical to those of C. estertheticum strains ( Dorn-In et al, 2018 ; Mang et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole Genome Sequence-Based Identification of Clostridium estertheticum Complex Strains Supports the Need for Taxonomic Reclassification Within the Species Clostridium estertheticum

et al. 2021

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Isolates within the Clostridium estertheticum complex (CEC) have routinely been identified through the 16S rRNA sequence, but the high interspecies sequence similarity reduces the resolution necessary for species level identification and often results in ambiguous taxonomic classification. The current study identified CEC isolates from meat juice (MJS) and bovine fecal samples (BFS) and determined the phylogeny of species within the CEC through whole genome sequence (WGS)-based analyses. About 1,054 MJS were screened for CEC using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Strains were isolated from 33 MJS and 34 BFS qPCR-positive samples, respectively. Pan- and core-genome phylogenomics were used to determine the species identity of the isolates. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) were used to validate the species identity. The phylogeny of species within the CEC was determined through a combination of these methods. Twenty-eight clostridia strains were isolated from MJS and BFS samples out of which 13 belonged to CEC. At 95% ANI and 70% dDDH thresholds for speciation, six CEC isolates were identified as genomospecies2 (n=3), Clostridium tagluense (n=2) and genomospecies3 (n=1). Lower thresholds of 94% ANI and 58% dDDH were required for the classification of seven CEC isolates into species C. estertheticum and prevent an overlap between species C. estertheticum and Clostridium frigoriphilum. Combination of the two species and abolishment of current subspecies classification within the species C. estertheticum are proposed. These data demonstrate the suitability of phylogenomics to identify CEC isolates and determine the phylogeny within CEC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole Genome Sequence-Based Identification of Clostridium estertheticum Complex Strains Supports the Need for Taxonomic Reclassification Within the Species Clostridium estertheticum

et al. 2021

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“…CEC is mainly associated with a distinct meat spoilage phenomenon colloquially referred to as blown pack spoilage (BPS) that occurs in vacuum packed and refrigerated meat (Wambui and Stephan, 2019). Consistent with their involvement in BPS, CEC have primarily been isolated from animal farmyards and meat processing environment (Esteves et al, 2020(Esteves et al, , 2021Wambui et al, 2020dWambui et al, , 2021b. Other sources include permafrost (Shcherbakova et al, 2005;Suetin et al, 2009) and Antarctic microbial mat (Spring, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeted Genome Mining Reveals the Psychrophilic Clostridium estertheticum Complex as a Potential Source for Novel Bacteriocins, Including Cesin A and Estercticin A

et al. 2022

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Antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria is considered a major public health issue necessitating the discovery of alternative antimicrobial compounds. In this regard, targeted genome mining in bacteria occupying under-explored ecological niches has the potential to reveal such compounds, including bacteriocins. In this study, we determined the bacteriocin biosynthetic potential of the psychrophilic Clostridium estertheticum complex (CEC) through a combination of genome mining and phenotypic screening assays. The genome mining was performed in 40 CEC genomes using antiSMASH. The production of bacteriocin-like compounds was phenotypically validated through agar well (primary screening) and disk diffusion (secondary screening) assays using cell free supernatants (CFS) and partially purified extracts, respectively. Stability of four selected CFS against proteolytic enzymes, temperature and pH was determined while one CFS was analyzed by HRMS and MS/MS to identify potential bacteriocins. Twenty novel bacteriocin biosynthetic gene clusters (BBGC), which were classified into eight (six lantibiotics and two sactipeptides) distinct groups, were discovered in 18 genomes belonging to C. estertheticum (n = 12), C. tagluense (n = 3) and genomospecies2 (n = 3). Primary screening linked six BBGC with narrow antimicrobial activity against closely related clostridia species. All four preselected CFS retained activity after exposure to different proteolytic, temperature and pH conditions. Secondary screening linked BBGC1 and BBGC7 encoding a lantibiotic and sactipeptide, respectively, with activity against Bacillus cereus while lantibiotic-encoding BBGC2 and BBGC3 were linked with activity against B. cereus, Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-resistant), Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MS/MS analysis revealed that C. estertheticum CF004 produces cesin A, a short natural variant of nisin, and HRMS indicated the production of a novel sactipeptide named estercticin A. Therefore, we have shown the CEC, in particular C. estertheticum, is a source of novel and stable bacteriocins that have activities against clinically relevant pathogens.

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“…Spores from these Clostridium spp. are ubiquitous in the abattoir environment and have been isolated from stockyard pens, slaughter floors, the processing environment, lairage, evisceration table, conveyor belts, packaging machines and bleeding area and can cross-contaminate carcasses during slaughter and dressing [4][5][6][7][8]. Control is reliant on eliminating these spores from the abattoir environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Evaluation of Sporicidal Treatments against Blown Pack Spoilage Associated Clostridium estertheticum and Clostridium gasigenes Spores

et al. 2022

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Blown pack spoilage (BPS) occurs when meat is cross-contaminated with Clostridium estertheticum or Clostridium gasigenes spores, often from the meat processing environment. This study tested the efficacy of four sporicidal disinfectants commonly used in beef processing plants against C. estertheticum and C. gasigenes spores in a suspension test. D-values were obtained under model ‘clean’ (sterile distilled water, SDW) and ‘dirty’ (3 g/L bovine serum albumin, BSA) conditions. Mean concentration (log10 CFU/mL) were calculated from direct counts. The levels of dipicolinic acid (DPA), indicating damage to the core of these spores, was also monitored using a terbium (Tb)-DPA assay for treatment 1 (peracetic acid as the active ingredient) in SDW and BSA. In SDW sporicidal treatment 3 (containing peroxymonosulphate) was the most effective against C. estertheticum spores but under ‘dirty’ (BSA) conditions sporicidal treatments 1 and 2 were more effective. A similar pattern was obtained with C. gasigenes with treatment 3 being the most effective in SDW but treatment 2 (sodium hypochlorite as the active ingredient) being more effective in BSA. The lower DPA concentrations obtained in SDW versus BSA demonstrated the protective effect of organic matter. It was concluded that meat processors should use a 5% formulation containing sodium hypochlorite, sodium hydroxide and alkylamine oxide to eliminate BPS Clostridial spores in the abattoir.

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An investigation into the ecological niches and seasonal nature of Clostridium estertheticum and Clostridium gasigenes in the Irish beef farm environment

Cited by 6 publications

References 24 publications

Whole Genome Sequence-Based Identification of Clostridium estertheticum Complex Strains Supports the Need for Taxonomic Reclassification Within the Species Clostridium estertheticum

Whole Genome Sequence-Based Identification of Clostridium estertheticum Complex Strains Supports the Need for Taxonomic Reclassification Within the Species Clostridium estertheticum

Targeted Genome Mining Reveals the Psychrophilic Clostridium estertheticum Complex as a Potential Source for Novel Bacteriocins, Including Cesin A and Estercticin A

An Evaluation of Sporicidal Treatments against Blown Pack Spoilage Associated Clostridium estertheticum and Clostridium gasigenes Spores

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