An Interactome Map of Maize (Zea mays L.)

Abstract

Interactomes are powerful tools for encoding and decoding complex life systems. Here, we generated a maize interactome map that integrates genomic interactions, transcriptomic co-expression networks, translatomic co-expression networks, and protein–protein interactions throughout the maize lifecycle. This map, containing over 9 million interactions in more than 5,000 functional modules, reveals extensive functional divergence for duplicate genes and a progressive increase in regulatory divergence between the two maize subgenomes during the flow of genetic information. This network enables dissecting and validating gene functions, re-constructing regulatory pathways, and deciphering molecular mechanisms underlying complex traits combining big data mining technique-machine learning. By applying this map to flowering-time, we identified 1,843 high-confidence genes enriched in eight molecular pathways that are related to flowering time. The function of 30 (out of 58 tested) genes, including 27 novel genes, was verified by loss-of-function mutagenesis. Furthermore, a new pathway involving histone modification was identified and confirmed to regulate flowering time. The interactome map illustrates how coherent sets of molecular interactions connect different types of functional elements and pathway modules to map a genome-wide functional wiring landscape, which will be applicable in a wide range of species.

Hydrolysis mechanism of the cyclohexaborate anion: Unraveling the intricacies

“…B (5) has a strong electrostatic attraction for the dissociated hydroxyl groups of water molecules. At the same time, O (2) has the largest negative charge value among the oxygen atoms connected to B (5) and has a strong electrostatic attraction to the hydrogen atoms dissociated from water molecules (Table 1). Therefore, the hydrolysis reaction at B (5) and O (2) sites is mainly discussed, as shown in Figure 11.…”

“…The positive charge value of B (5) on B 4 O 3 OH ð Þ À 7 is 1.29 e À , which is significantly larger than the charge values of B (6) and B (8) . B (5) has a strong electrostatic attraction for the dissociated hydroxyl groups of water molecules. At the same time, O (2) has the largest negative charge value among the oxygen atoms connected to B (5) and has a strong electrostatic attraction to the hydrogen atoms dissociated from water molecules (Table 1).…”

“…Boron is the only non-metallic element in the third main group of the periodic table and plays an important role in construction, chemical industry, agricultural production and other fields. [1][2][3][4][5] Boron natural resources mainly exist as borate or borosilicate minerals. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has large-scale salt lake boron resources.…”

Realizing pure shear mode of dielectric elastomers by tuning biaxial prestress of a deformation controller

“…The pure shear deformation of DEs is a special mode, which is usually achieved by constraining the deformation in a certain in-plane direction with stiff fibers [13,20,21,24,25]. Under such a condition, the giant deformation in another nonconstrained in-plane direction can be guaranteed.…”

Charge transfer in SnS2/Na0.9Mg0.45Ti3.55O8 heterojunction in photocatalytic process

“…Na 0.9 Mg 0.45 Ti 3.55 O 8 (NMTO), a complex TiO 2 -based oxide sharing the same crystal structure as TiO 2 (B), was controlled to achieve a regular morphology by a hydrothermal method in our previous work, exhibiting high photocatalytic activity [11]. N-type semiconductor tin (VI) disulfide (SnS 2 ) has attracted much attention due to its narrow band gap and potential applications in photodegradation [19,20], batteries [21], supercapacitors [22] and photonic devices [23]. But its practical application is limited by the high recombination rate of electron-hole pairs.…”