An Insight into Emerging Begomoviruses and their Satellite Complex causing Papaya Leaf Curl Disease

Abstract

Papaya leaf curl disease (PaLCD) was primarily detected in India and causes major economic damage to agriculture crops grown globally, seriously threatening food security. Begomoviruses are communicated by the vector Bemisia tabaci, and their transmission efficiency and persistence in the vector are the highest, exhibiting the widest host range due to adaptation and evolution. Symptoms induced during PaLCD include leaf curl, leaf yellowing, interveinal chlorosis, and reduced fruit quality and yield. Consequently, plants have evolved several multi-layered defense mechanisms to resist Begomovirus infection and distribution. Subsequently, Begomovirus genomes organise circular ssDNA of size ~2.5–2.7 kb of overlapping viral transcripts and carry six–seven ORFs encoding multifunctional proteins, which are precisely evolved by the viruses to maintain the genome-constraint and develop complex but integrated interactions with a variety of host components to expand and facilitate successful infection cycles, i.e., suppression of host defense strategies. Geographical distribution is continuing to increase due to the advent and evolution of new Begomoviruses, and sweep to new regions is a future scenario. This review summarizes the current information on the biological functions of papaya-infecting Begomoviruses and their encoded proteins in transmission through vectors and modulating host-mediated responses, which may improve our understanding of how to challenge these significant plant viruses by revealing new information on the development of antiviral approaches against Begomoviruses associated with PaLCD.

In-silico prediction and validation of Carica papaya protein domains interaction with the Papaya leaf curl virus and associated betasatellite encoded protein

“…Begomoviruses exhibit a wide range of species or strains with diverse biological characteristics, including pathogenicity [44,45]. As reported by Saxena et al, 1998 a novel begomovirus species named PaLCuV was initially identified and categorized within the Geminiviridae family [46].…”

First report of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (a bipartite begomovirus) from round gourd plant in Swat region of Pakistan: its phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis

“…Begomoviruses have a fairly simple structural makeup, yet their evolutionary history is quite complicated. The bipartite form of begomoviruses has been largely overlooked in evolutionary research, despite the fact that characteristics related to begomovirus-host interactions and viral evolutionary dynamics have been well investigated [33,34]. According to some research, the evolutionary histories and selection pressures that the DNA-A and DNA-B components have encountered may differ.…”

“…Many studies have been conducted to ascertain the evolutionary dynamics of begomoviruses; however, these studies have been First report of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (a bipartite begomovirus) from round gourd plant in Swat region of Pakistan: its phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis You're reading als predicated on the analysis of the bipartite begomoviruses' DNA-A component. Because the DNA-B component of these viruses plays a significant role in the viral infectious cycle, it is imperative to take this component's evolution into account as well [33,34]. Here, we successfully completed a simultaneous evolutionary investigation of the bipartite begomoviruses' DNA-B and DNA-A components.…”

In silico identification of papaya genome-encoded microRNAs to target begomovirus genes in papaya leaf curl disease

“…The disease is characterized by the curling and distortion of the leaves, stunted growth, and reduced fruit yield. PaLCuD infection has resulted in significant yield losses, which range from 40 to 100% which has been reported in the United States and Mexico ( Alabi et al, 2016 ; Alcala-Briseno et al, 2020 ; Srivastava et al, 2023 ). Infected plants may also exhibit yellowing of the leaves and a general decline in health.…”

“…Current management strategies involve several implementations related to integrated pest management strategies. These involve whitefly control, planting resistant varieties, removing, and destroying infected plants, proper cultural practices, monitoring, and early detection ( Srivastava et al, 2023 ).…”