An industrial view on the common academic understanding of mixed-criticality systems

Esper, Alexandre; Nelissen, Geoffrey; Nélis, Vincent; Tovar, Eduardo

doi:10.1007/s11241-018-9308-9

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Contemporary critical systems usually include multiple applications at different assurance levels [10]. Many of them have adopted RTOSes (real-time operating systems) with advanced features for high reliability (hereafter, ''reliable RTOSes'') to efficiently deal with the complexity [11]. The partitioning feature in a reliable RTOS, as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

iSotEE: A Hypervisor Middleware for IoT-Enabled Resource-Constrained Reliable Systems

Takada

2022

IEEE Access

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Embedded systems for critical applications are often based on resource-constrained devices to meet the requirements like performance predictability and energy consumption. To deal with the increased software complexity, many of these systems have adopted reliable RTOSes (Real-Time Operating Systems) with advanced protection functionalities. Meanwhile, the concept of IoT (Internet of Things) is gaining momentum. Many IoT OSes, specialized to provide the large software stack required by IoT applications, have been released. Nevertheless, neither reliable RTOS nor IoT OS can satisfy all the requirements of IoT-enabled reliable systems. Dual-OS configuration (i.e. the coexistence of reliable RTOS and IoT OS) is a promising approach to achieve high reliability and productivity simultaneously. Existing dual-OS solutions, however, depend on additional hardware features (e.g. virtualization extensions, ARM TrustZone), which are unavailable in most resource-constrained devices. This paper presents iSotEE (iSolated Execution Environment), a middleware allowing IoT OS to run inside an isolated environment on top of a reliable RTOS without special hardware. Open-source implementations of iSotEE for Renesas RX (with TOPPERS/HRP3 as reliable RTOS, Amazon FreeRTOS as IoT OS) and ARMv7-M (with two configurations of Zephyr as reliable RTOS and IoT OS) architectures are provided and evaluated. The results show that iSotEE can create reliable systems with a small footprint for resource-constrained devices, high real-time performance for critical applications, and high productivity and throughput for IoT applications.INDEX TERMS Embedded software, Internet of Things, real-time systems, reliability.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

iSotEE: A Hypervisor Middleware for IoT-Enabled Resource-Constrained Reliable Systems

Takada

2022

IEEE Access

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“…For example, in an aeroplane, the correct operation of the engines is of higher criticality than the onboard intercom system. With the seminal work by Vestal in 2007 [1], scheduling of mixed-criticality systems became an active research field [2][3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ATMP-CA: Optimising Mixed-Criticality Systems Considering Criticality Arithmetic

2021

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Many safety-critical systems use criticality arithmetic, an informal practice of implementing a higher-criticality function by combining several lower-criticality redundant components or tasks. This lowers the cost of development, but existing mixed-criticality schedulers may act incorrectly as they lack the knowledge that the lower-criticality tasks are operating together to implement a single higher-criticality function. In this paper, we propose a solution to this problem by presenting a mixed-criticality mid-term scheduler that considers where criticality arithmetic is used in the system. As this scheduler, which we term ATMP-CA, is a mid-term scheduler, it changes the configuration of the system when needed based on the recent history of deadline misses. We present the results from a series of experiments that show that ATMP-CA’s operation provides a smoother degradation of service compared with reference schedulers that do not consider the use of criticality arithmetic.

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“…A performance improvement creates slack that allows to increase the Quality-of-Service in safety-critical systems or to execute other best-effort applications in mixedcritical systems (at specific time instances or at the end of execution). For example, in cruise control systems the created slack can be used to further improve quality of the result produced by the control law, whereas in satellite systems less essential functions, such as scientific instrument data collection can be activated [8]. Therefore, the only means to improve the system performance, while preserving the timing guarantees, is through run-time adaptation.…”

Section: Introduction a Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timely Fine-Grained Interference-Sensitive Run-Time Adaptation of Time-Triggered Schedules

Skalistis

Kritikakou

2019

2019 IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS)

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In time-critical systems, run-time adaptation is required to improve the performance of time-triggered execution, derived based on Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) of tasks. By improving performance, the systems can provide higher Quality-of-Service, in safety-critical systems, or execute other best-effort applications, in mixed-critical systems. To achieve this goal, we propose a parallel interference-sensitive run-time adaptation mechanism that enables a fine-grained synchronisation among cores. Since the run-time adaptation of offline solutions can potentially violate the timing guarantees, we present the Response-Time Analysis (RTA) of the proposed mechanism showing that the system execution is free of timing-anomalies. The RTA takes into account the timing behavior of the proposed mechanism and its associated WCET. To support our contribution, we evaluate the behavior and the scalability of the proposed approach for different application types and execution configurations on the 8-core Texas Instruments TMS320C6678 platform. The obtained results show significant performance improvement compared to state-of-the-art centralized approaches.

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An industrial view on the common academic understanding of mixed-criticality systems

Cited by 19 publications

References 51 publications

iSotEE: A Hypervisor Middleware for IoT-Enabled Resource-Constrained Reliable Systems

iSotEE: A Hypervisor Middleware for IoT-Enabled Resource-Constrained Reliable Systems

ATMP-CA: Optimising Mixed-Criticality Systems Considering Criticality Arithmetic

Timely Fine-Grained Interference-Sensitive Run-Time Adaptation of Time-Triggered Schedules

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