An increasing prevalence of recombinant GII norovirus in pediatric patients with diarrhea during 2010–2013 in China

Lu, Qing‐Bin; Huang, Doudou; Zhao, Jin; Wang, Hongyu; Zhang, Xiao-Ai; Xu, Hongmei; Qu, Fengli; Liu, Wei; Cao, Wu‐Chun

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2015.01.008

Cited by 36 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Scattered reports had described the molecular epidemiology of noroviruses from clinical gastroenteritis patients in specific areas of China. According to these studies, genotypes of GII was frequently detected, but GI was seldom seen8910. Regarding the norovirus presence in sewage in China, no information was available except for a one year survey conducted monthly in three sewage treatment plants in Beijing11, while the results showed that norovirus was detected with a extremely low frequency (3.1%), which is quite different from similar studies in other countries71213.…”

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confidence: 73%

Environmental Surveillance of Genogroup I and II Noroviruses in Shandong Province, China in 2013

Tao

Lin

et al. 2015

Sci Rep

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Noroviruses are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis. However, the case-based surveillance is limited in China. In this study, we analyzed the results of environmental surveillance conducted in two cities of Shandong Province, China from January to December in 2013. Twenty-four sewage samples were collected and concentrated via membrane absorption/elution method. After reverse transcription-PCR, cloning and sequencing on ORF2 region, norovirus nucleic acid was detected in all 24 sewage samples. A total of 403 norovirus sequences of 16 genotypes were detected, among which GII.3 (22.6%), GI.2 (17.1%), GI.5 (13.4%), GI.3 (11.9%), GII.4 (7.7%), and GII.6 (6.7%) were the 6 most common genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed multiple lineages within most common genotypes, especially in GI.3, whereas all GII.4 sequences belonged to Sydney 2012 strain. Recombination events were observed in 5 GI and 4 GII sequences within or near the ORF1/ORF2 overlap. This is the first report on systematic environmental surveillance on norovirus in China. The data presented here reveal co-circulation and high genetic diversity of multiple norovirus genotypes in the two cities, and suggest continued environmental surveillance can provide valuable information on norovirus circulation in the population.

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confidence: 73%

Environmental Surveillance of Genogroup I and II Noroviruses in Shandong Province, China in 2013

Tao

Lin

et al. 2015

Sci Rep

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“…However, several limitations can be noted including the small sample size and selected study patients (hospitalized children under 5 years of age) Low resource country‐specific features such as poor hygiene, lack of proper healthcare facilities, and compromised immunity especially among children do not necessarily result in higher prevalence rates compared to high‐resource countries. Norovirus positive samples were genotyped by sequencing a small region of the capsid gene but since recombination often occurs among noroviruses, additional polymerase‐based typing would provide more information if strains from the same genotype are similar or are potential recombinant viruses [Lu et al, ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic characterization of norovirus strains in hospitalized children from Pakistan

Alam

Qureshi

Vinjé

et al. 2015

Journal of Medical Virology

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Norovirus is one of the most common causes of acute gastroenteritis among children in developing countries. No data on the prevalence and genetic variability of norovirus are available for Pakistan, where early childhood mortality due to acute gastroenteritis is common. We tested 255 fecal specimens from children under 5 years of age hospitalized between April 2006 and March 2008 with severe acute gastroenteritis in five hospitals in the four largest cities in Pakistan for norovirus by real-time RT-PCR. Positive samples were further genotyped by conventional RTPCR targeting the 5′-end of the capsid gene followed by sequencing of the positive PCR products. Overall, 41 (16.1%) samples tested positive for norovirus with an equal frequency in rotavirus-positive and rotavirus-negative samples. Nine (22%) samples were genogroup (G)I positive, 30 (73%) GII positive and two (5%) samples contained a mixture of GI and GII viruses. Sequence analyses demonstrated co-circulation of 14 norovirus genotypes including four GI genotypes (GI.3, GI.5, GI.7, GI.8) and 10 GII genotypes (GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.5, GII.6, GII.7, GII.9, GII.13, GII.16, and GII.21). The most prevalent genotypes were GI.7 and GII.4 both causing 12.2% of the infections. This report confirms the presence of multiple norovirus genotypes in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in Pakistan and a lack of clear predominance of GII.4 viruses.

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“…토양 시료 토양은 10 g을 원심분리통에 넣고 100 mL의 1X Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS, Biosesang, Sungnam, Korea) buffer을 사용 하여 희석하였으며 진탕배양기(IS-971R, Jeio tech, Seoul, Korea) (150 rpm, 2시간)에서 진탕배양하고, 원심분리(3,000 rpm, 10분)하 여 상층액만 취해 얻었다 (20)(21)(22). 얻어진 상층액은 농축과정 없 이, 상층액 1 mL은 위생지표세균(Coliform, E. coli)으로써 MSC 검사 시 사용하였으며, 나머지 상층액에 2 mL의 MNV-1을 1,000 pfu를 인위적으로 오염시킨 후 노로바이러스 검사에 사용하였다.…”

Section: 재료 및 방법unclassified

“…가축분변과 인체분변의 1 g을 1X 인산완충용액(Phosphate Buffered Saline) buffer 30 mL을 사용하여 상온에서 20분 동안 방치 하여 부유시킨 후 원심분리(3,000 rpm, 10분)하여 상등액만 취해 얻었다 (20)(21)(22). 여기서 원심분리 하지 않은 10 mL은 대장균군, 대 장균 검사에 사용하였고 원심분리 후 얻은 탈리용액 10 mL은 농 축과정 없이 MSC 검사에 사용하였으며, 나머지 약 10 mL 중 2 mL에 MNV-1을 1,000 pfu를 인위적으로 오염시킨 후 노로바이러 스 검사에 사용하였다.…”

Section: 분변 시료(가축분변 인체분변)unclassified

Monitoring of norovirus and indicator microorganisms from agricultural products and environmental samples in Korea

강지현¹,

심혜미²,

김광엽³

2017

Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology

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Norovirus causes frequent epidemic viral gastroenteritis in Korea. The team for the control of noroviral foodborne outbreaks (NOROTECL) executed a project to trace the cause of norovirus contamination in agricultural products and environmental samples to reduce norovirus outbreaks in Korea. Between January and November in 2015, the contaminations by norovirus and indicator microorganisms such as coliforms, Escherichia coil and male specific coliphage (MSC) were examined in 80 agricultural products, 80 soil samples, 78 human feces samples, 3 animal feces samples, 80 agricultural water samples and 80 river water samples. Semi-nested PCR and DNA sequencing revealed 18 genogroup I and 3 genogroup II noroviruses in a total of 18 samples. These noroviruses were validated by real-time (RT)-PCR analysis. For indicator microorganisms, coliform and E. coli were respectively detected in agricultural products (68, 1%), soils (88, 7%), human feces (44, 12.8%), animal feces (67, 67%), agricultural waters (74, 30%) and river waters (96, 51%). The MSC results revealed 14 positive samples.

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An increasing prevalence of recombinant GII norovirus in pediatric patients with diarrhea during 2010–2013 in China

Cited by 36 publications

References 24 publications

Environmental Surveillance of Genogroup I and II Noroviruses in Shandong Province, China in 2013

Environmental Surveillance of Genogroup I and II Noroviruses in Shandong Province, China in 2013

Genetic characterization of norovirus strains in hospitalized children from Pakistan

Monitoring of norovirus and indicator microorganisms from agricultural products and environmental samples in Korea

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