An increasing CO<sub>2</sub> sink in the Arctic Ocean due to sea‐ice loss

Bates, Nicholas R.; Moran, S. Bradley; Hansell, Dennis A.; Mathis, Jeremy T.

doi:10.1029/2006gl027028

Cited by 157 publications

(182 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…[Bates et al, 2006;Else et al, 2008], FCO 2 could linearly decrease with ice concentration. However, lab experiments [Loose et al, 2009] indicate that such a relation is non-linear, although the underlying principles remain unclear.…”

Section: Inorganic Carbon Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FCO 2 has been estimated by applying bulk formulae to atmosphere-ocean pCO 2 differences, linearly weighted by ice concentration [e.g., Bates et al, 2006;Else et al, 2008], which inherently neglects the contribution of sea ice fluxes to FCO 2 . Chambers provide a direct estimation of FCO 2 ice [e.g., Nomura et al, 2010], but those devices affect gas transport, measure small-scale fluxes, and thermally alter the sea-ice system.…”

Section: Inorganic Carbon Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of sea ice in global biogeochemical cycles: emerging views and challenges

Vancoppenolle

Meiners

Michel

et al. 2013

Quaternary Science Reviews

215

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International audienceObservations from the last decade suggest an important role of sea ice in the global biogeochemical cycles, promoted by (i) active biological and chemical processes within the sea ice; (ii) fluid and gas exchanges at the sea ice interface through an often permeable sea ice cover; and (iii) tight physical, biological and chemical interactions between the sea ice, the ocean and the atmosphere. Photosynthetic micro-organisms in sea ice thrive in liquid brine inclusions encased in a pure ice matrix, where they find suitable light and nutrient levels. They extend the production season, provide a winter and early spring food source, and contribute to organic carbon export to depth. Under-ice and ice edge phytoplankton blooms occur when ice retreats, favoured by increasing light, stratification, and by the release of material into the water column. In particular, the release of iron - highly concentrated in sea ice - could have large effects in the iron-limited Southern Ocean. The export of inorganic carbon transport by brine sinking below the mixed layer, calcium carbonate precipitation in sea ice, as well as active ice-atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes, could play a central role in the marine carbon cycle. Sea ice processes could also significantly contribute to the sulphur cycle through the large production by ice algae of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), the precursor of sulphate aerosols, which as cloud condensation nuclei have a potential cooling effect on the planet. Finally, the sea ice zone supports significant ocean-atmosphere methane (CH₄) fluxes, while saline ice surfaces activate springtime atmospheric bromine chemistry, setting ground for tropospheric ozone depletion events observed near both poles. All these mechanisms are generally known, but neither precisely understood nor quantified at large scales. As polar regions are rapidly changing, understanding the large-scale polar marine biogeochemical processes and their future evolution is of high priority. Earth system models should in this context prove essential, but they currently represent sea ice as biologically and chemically inert. Palaeoclimatic proxies are also relevant, in particular the sea ice proxies, inferring past sea ice conditions from glacial and marine sediment core records and providing analogues for future changes. Being highly constrained by marine biogeochemistry, sea ice proxies would not only contribute to but also benefit from a better understanding of polar marine biogeochemical cycles

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Section: Inorganic Carbon Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Inorganic Carbon Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of sea ice in global biogeochemical cycles: emerging views and challenges

Vancoppenolle

Meiners

Michel

et al. 2013

Quaternary Science Reviews

215

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…A reduction in deep convection will in turn lead to lower fluxes of CO 2 /DIC to the deep ocean. In the near-term, further sea-ice loss and increases in marine phytoplankton growth rates are expected to increase the uptake of CO 2 by Arctic surface waters (Bates et al, 2006), although mitigated somewhat by warming in the Arctic ). Each of these changes has the potential to have a global effect on climate and climate change.…”

Section: Projected Changes In Arctic Sea-ice Covermentioning

confidence: 99%

Chapter 1 Impacts of the Oceans on Climate Change

Lewis-Brown¹,

Reid²,

Andersson³

et al. 2009

Advances in Marine Biology

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134

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“…Hence, increased CO 2 may stimulate primary production during spring and favour a greater CO 2 sinking capacity in the future 2,9 , resulting in a feedback between increased CO 2 and primary production, which biogeochemical models do not consider at present (for example, refs 3,14).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature dependence of CO2-enhanced primary production in the European Arctic Ocean

et al. 2015

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The Arctic Ocean is warming at two to three times the global rate 1 and is perceived to be a bellwether for ocean acidification 2,3 . Increased CO 2 concentrations are expected to have a fertilization e ect on marine autotrophs 4 , and higher temperatures should lead to increased rates of planktonic primary production 5 . Yet, simultaneous assessment of warming and increased CO 2 on primary production in the Arctic has not been conducted. Here we test the expectation that CO 2 -enhanced gross primary production (GPP) may be temperature dependent, using data from several oceanographic cruises and experiments from both spring and summer in the European sector of the Arctic Ocean. Results confirm that CO 2 enhances GPP (by a factor of up to ten) over a range of 145-2,099 µatm; however, the greatest e ects are observed only at lower temperatures and are constrained by nutrient and light availability to the spring period. The temperature dependence of CO 2 -enhanced primary production has significant implications for metabolic balance in a warmer, CO 2 -enriched Arctic Ocean in the future. In particular, it indicates that a twofold increase in primary production during the spring is likely in the Arctic.Primary production in the Arctic Ocean supports significant fisheries 6 and renders it an important sink for anthropogenic carbon 2 ; however, climate change has the potential to alter these capacities. Accelerated ice loss is opening surface area across the Arctic, resulting in observations of increased rates of primary production 7 . The reduced salinity caused by melting ice, combined with increasing temperatures, however, increases stratification, restricting turbulent nutrient supply to surface layers 8 . Ice loss also increases surface area for air-sea CO 2 exchange, causing an uptake from the atmosphere into surface waters with already low p CO 2 (ref. 9), and ice melt introduces freshwater with low alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon, further lowering the carbon content of surface waters 10 . The surface waters of the Arctic Ocean are largely undersaturated with respect to CO 2 throughout spring and summer 2 . In the European sector of the Arctic Ocean (BarentsGreenland Sea/Fram Strait), p CO 2 varies seasonally by more than 200 µatm, with values as low as 100 µatm in spring months 11 owing to strong net community production associated with the spring bloom of ice algae followed by that of planktonic algae

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An increasing CO₂ sink in the Arctic Ocean due to sea‐ice loss

Cited by 157 publications

References 37 publications

Role of sea ice in global biogeochemical cycles: emerging views and challenges

Role of sea ice in global biogeochemical cycles: emerging views and challenges

Chapter 1 Impacts of the Oceans on Climate Change

Temperature dependence of CO2-enhanced primary production in the European Arctic Ocean

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An increasing CO2 sink in the Arctic Ocean due to sea‐ice loss

Cited by 157 publications

References 37 publications

Role of sea ice in global biogeochemical cycles: emerging views and challenges

Role of sea ice in global biogeochemical cycles: emerging views and challenges

Chapter 1 Impacts of the Oceans on Climate Change

Temperature dependence of CO2-enhanced primary production in the European Arctic Ocean

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Product

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About

An increasing CO₂ sink in the Arctic Ocean due to sea‐ice loss