Chapter 1 Impacts of the Oceans on Climate Change

Lewis-Brown, Emily; Reid, Philip C.; Andersson, Andréas; Arthurton, Russell K.; Bates, Nicholas R.; Barangé, Manuel; Bathmann, Ulrich; Beaugrand, Grégory; Berger, Wolf H.; Bindoff, Nathaniel L.; Cattle, H.; Chisholm, Paul J.; Church, John A.; Gusmão, D. de; Drange, Helge; Dye, Stephen; Edwards, Martin; Fischer, Albert; Flueckiger, J.; Furevik, Tore; Gascard, Jean Claude; Hopcroft, Russell R.; Iglesias-Rodríguez, Debora; Quéré, Corinne Le; Tissier, Martin Le; Kasten, Sabine; Kendall, MA; Knutti, Reto; Mackenzie, Fred T.; Malin, Gill; Martinson, Douglas G.; Maslowski, Wieslaw; Matear, Richard J.; Mauritzen, Cecilie; Meredith, Michael P.; Paull, C. K.; Pingree, R. D.; Raven, John A.; Rintoul, Stephen R.; Salter, Ian; Schmidt, Gavin A.; Shimada, Koji; Sparrow, M.; Stevens, Darren W.; Tréguer, Paul; Tudhope, Alexander W.; Turley, CM; Visbeck, Martin; Vogt, Meike; Wallace, Craig; Wang, Zhaomin; Washington, Richard; Wood, Richard

doi:10.1016/s0065-2881(09)56001-4

Cited by 134 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 380 publications

(349 reference statements)

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“…Oceans thus help to buffer multiple aspects of global climate change and their effects on marine and terrestrial ecosystems (Reid et al, 2009). Deep-sea ecological processes and characteristics, such as nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, productivity, habitat provision, and trophic support, underlie the healthy functioning of ocean ecosystems and provide valuable ecosystem services to mankind (Thurber et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Major impacts of climate change on deep-sea benthic ecosystems

Sweetman

Thurber

Smith

et al. 2017

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

271

297

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The deep sea encompasses the largest ecosystems on Earth. Although poorly known, deep seafloor ecosystems provide services that are vitally important to the entire ocean and biosphere. Rising atmospheric greenhouse gases are bringing about significant changes in the environmental properties of the ocean realm in terms of water column oxygenation, temperature, pH and food supply, with concomitant impacts on deep-sea ecosystems. Projections suggest that abyssal (3000-6000 m) ocean temperatures could increase by 1°C over the next 84 years, while abyssal seafloor habitats under areas of deep-water formation may experience reductions in water column oxygen concentrations by as much as 0.03 mL L -1 by 2100. Bathyal depths (200-3000 m) worldwide will undergo the most significant reductions in pH in all oceans by the year 2100 (0.29 to 0.37 pH units). O 2 concentrations will also decline in the bathyal NE Pacific and Southern Oceans, with losses up to 3.7% or more, especially at intermediate depths. Another important environmental parameter, the flux of particulate organic matter to the seafloor, is likely to decline significantly in most oceans, most notably in the abyssal and bathyal Indian Ocean where it is predicted to decrease by 40-55% by the end of the century. Unfortunately, how these major changes will affect deep-seafloor ecosystems is, in some cases, very poorly understood. In this paper, we provide a detailed overview of the impacts of these changing environmental parameters on deep-seafloor ecosystems that will most likely be seen by 2100 in continental margin, abyssal and polar settings. We also consider how these changes may combine with other anthropogenic stressors (e.g., fishing, mineral mining, oil and gas extraction) to further impact deep-seafloor ecosystems and discuss the possible societal implications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Major impacts of climate change on deep-sea benthic ecosystems

Sweetman

Thurber

Smith

et al. 2017

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

271

297

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“…There is a growing appreciation of the complex synergies, interactions and feedbacks that exist between ocean biogeochemistry and individual species/entire ecosystem response and resilience across multiple time-and spatial scales (e.g., Ries et al, 2009;Andersson et al, 2014;Breitburg et al, 2015;Gaylord et al, 2015). This includes the interaction and interplay between warming, deoxygenation and OA, and other environmental changes such as nutrient pollution (e.g., Anthony et al, 2008;Reid et al, 2009;Atewerbehan et al, 2013;Bijma et al, 2013;Bozec and Mumby, 2015;Malone et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twenty Years of Marine Carbon Cycle Observations at Devils Hole Bermuda Provide Insights into Seasonal Hypoxia, Coral Reef Calcification, and Ocean Acidification

Bates

2017

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Open-ocean observations have revealed gradual changes in seawater carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) chemistry resulting from uptake of atmospheric CO 2 and ocean acidification (OA), but, with few long-term records (>5 years) of the coastal ocean that can reveal the pace and direction of environmental change. In this paper, observations collected from 1996 to 2016 at Harrington Sound, Bermuda, constitute one of the longest time-series of coastal ocean inorganic carbon chemistry. Uniquely, such changes can be placed into the context of contemporaneous offshore changes observed at the nearby Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site. Onshore, surface dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ; >10% change per decade) have increased and OA indicators such as pH and calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) saturation state ( ) decreased from 1996 to 2016 at a rate of two to three times that observed offshore at BATS. Such changes, combined with reduction of total alkalinity over time, reveal a complex interplay of biogeochemical processes influencing Bermuda reef metabolism, including net ecosystem production (NEP = gross primary production-autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration) and net ecosystem calcification (NEC = gross calcification-gross CaCO 3 dissolution). These long-term data show a seasonal shift between wintertime net heterotrophy and summertime net autotrophy for the entire Bermuda reef system. Over annual time-scales, the Bermuda reef system does not appear to be in trophic balance, but rather slightly net heterotrophic. In addition, the reef system is net accretive (i.e., gross calcification > gross CaCO 3 dissolution), but there were occasional periods when the entire reef system appears to transiently shift to net dissolution. A previous 5-year study of the Bermuda reef suggested that net calcification and net heterotrophy have both increased. Over the past 20 years, rates of net calcification and net heterotrophy determined for the Bermuda reef system have increased by ∼30%, most likely due to increased coral nutrition occurring in concert with increased offshore productivity in the surrounding subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Importantly, this long-term study reveals that other environmental factors (such as coral feeding) can mitigate against the effects of ocean acidification on coral reef calcification, at least over the past couple of decades.

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“…They play a crucial role in the effective functioning of food webs, and have a considerable impact on the biological carbon pump (Conover, 1966;Miller, 2004;Reid et al, 2009;Richardson, 2008). The role and impact of metazoan zooplankton are determined by their composition and abundance, which depend on timing of reproduction and recruitment of species, which is strongly related to the availability of autotrophic and heterotrophic protistan food, particularly in the Arctic (Hirche, 1997;Kosobokova and Hirche, 2001;Madsen et al, 2001;Nielsen et al, 2007;Søreide et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesozooplankton dynamics in relation to food availability during spring and early summer in a high latitude glaciated fjord (Kongsfjorden), with focus on Calanus

Kwaśniewski

Walkusz

Cottier

et al. 2013

Journal of Marine Systems

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The timing of zooplankton reproduction in relation to spring pelagic bloom is essential in determining grazers' recruitment success and the transport of biomass through the system. At high latitudes marine ecosystems are characterized by extreme seasonality with the production of autotrophes concentrated during the spring. In two consecutive years we studied mesozooplankton during spring and early summer in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard (79°N), aiming at identifying the main grazers and understanding what affects the timing in zooplankton. The main grazers were females and nauplii of holoplanktonic Calanus, together with meroplanktonic Cirripedia nauplii and Polychaeta larvae. The appearing of offspring and larvae showed a correlation with the spring bloom which occurred earlier in 2004 compared to 2003. The Arctic Calanus glacialis reproduced before its Atlantic counterpart Calanus finmarchicus and prior to the bloom. In the Arctic regions decreasing sea ice cover as a result of climate change is expected to alter the timing of the spring bloom which in turn will pose a need for the zooplankton to adjust their reproduction activities. Subsequently, this adjustment will influence ecosystem functioning mainly by modifying particulate organic matter and energy fluxes.

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Chapter 1 Impacts of the Oceans on Climate Change

Cited by 134 publications

References 380 publications

Major impacts of climate change on deep-sea benthic ecosystems

Major impacts of climate change on deep-sea benthic ecosystems

Twenty Years of Marine Carbon Cycle Observations at Devils Hole Bermuda Provide Insights into Seasonal Hypoxia, Coral Reef Calcification, and Ocean Acidification

Mesozooplankton dynamics in relation to food availability during spring and early summer in a high latitude glaciated fjord (Kongsfjorden), with focus on Calanus

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