An increased fluid intake leads to feet swelling in 100-km ultra-marathoners - an observational field study

Cejka, Caroline; Knechtle, Beat; Knechtle, Patrizia; Rüst, Christoph Alexander; Rosemann, Thomas

doi:10.1186/1550-2783-9-11

Cited by 31 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Bracher et al showed that fluid intake was related to changes in leg volume in 100 km ultramarathoners 38. Cejka et al demonstrated an association between fluid intake and foot volume in 100 km ultramarathoners 39. Slight changes in water distribution of the body also influence thickness of the dermis, changes in which are pronounced in the lower leg 40.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in single skinfold thickness in 100 km ultramarathoners

Knechtle¹,

Baumgartner²,

Knechtle³

et al. 2012

OAJSM

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BackgroundChanges in single skinfold thickness and body fat have been investigated in ultraswimmers and ultracyclists, but not in ultrarunners. The present study investigated the changes in single skinfold thickness during a 100 km ultramarathon.MethodsFirstly, we investigated associations between prerace preparation and prerace body composition and, secondly, changes in single skinfold thickness during a 100 km ultramarathon in 219 male ultramarathoners. Changes in fat mass and skeletal muscle were estimated using anthropometric methods.ResultsKilometers run weekly prerace and running speed during training were negatively associated with all skinfold thicknesses (P < 0.05) except for the front thigh skinfold. During the race, skinfold thickness at the pectoral (−0.1%), suprailiac (−1.8%), and calf (−0.8%) sites decreased (P < 0.05). The subjects lost 1.9 ± 1.4 kg of body mass (P < 0.001), 0.7 ± 1.0 kg of estimated skeletal muscle mass (P < 0.001), and 0.2 ± 1.3 kg of estimated fat mass (P < 0.05). The decrease in body mass was positively related to the decrease in both estimated skeletal muscle mass (r = 0.21, P = 0.0017) and estimated fat mass (r = 0.41, P < 0.0001).ConclusionFirstly, prerace fat mass and prerace skinfold thickness were associated with both volume and speed in running training. Secondly, during the ultramarathon, skinfold thickness decreased at the pectoral, suprailiac, and calf sites, but not at the thigh site. Percent decreases in skinfold thickness for ultrarunners was lower than the percent decreases in skinfold thickness reported for ultraswimmers and ultracyclists.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in single skinfold thickness in 100 km ultramarathoners

Knechtle¹,

Baumgartner²,

Knechtle³

et al. 2012

OAJSM

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“…A limitation in this cross-sectional study is that influences on endurance performance such as physiological (Landman et al, 2012;Saltin et al, 1995;Saunders et al, 2004) and anthropometric characteristics (Knechtle et al, 2008(Knechtle et al, , 2009Knechtleet al, 2010), training variables (Billat et al, 2001;Knechtle, Wirth, et al, 2010), fluid and food intake (Bürge et al, 2011;Cejka, Knechtle, Knechtle, Rüst, & Rosemann, 2012;Fallon, Broad, Thompson, & Reull, 1998;Onywera et al, 2004), medical problems (Scheer & Murray, 2011) and environmental conditions of the race (El Helou et al, 2012;Ely, Cheuvront, Roberts, & Montain, 2007;Marr & Ely, 2010;Vihma, 2010) were not taken into consideration. However, this study reveals valuable data, because it provides insight into the development of participation and performance in 100-km ultramarathon worldwide.…”

Section: Limitations and Implications For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Participation and performance trends in 100-km ultra-marathons worldwide

Cejka

Rüst

Lepers

et al. 2013

Journal of Sports Sciences

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The aims of the present study were to (1) investigate the participation trends for the origin of athletes competing in 100-km ultra-marathons and (2) determine the nationalities of athletes achieving the fastest 100-km race times worldwide. Race times and nationality from 112,283 athletes (15,204 women and 97,079 men) from 102 countries who completed a 100-km ultra-marathon worldwide between 1998 and 2011 were investigated using single-and multi-level regression analyses. The number of finishers increased exponentially, both for women and men. Most of the finishers (73.5%) were from Europe, in particular, France (30.4%). The number of finishers from Japan, Germany, Italy, Poland and the United States of America increased exponentially during the studied period. For women, runners from Canada became slower while those from Italy became faster over time. For men, runners from Belgium, Canada and Japan became slower. Between 1998 and 2011, the ten best race times were achieved by Japanese runners for both women with 457.1 (s = 28.8) min and men with 393.4 (s = 9.6) min. To summarise, most of the finishers in 100-km ultra-marathons originated from Europe, but the best performances belong to Japanese runners. Although East African runners dominate running up to a marathon, Japanese were the best in 100 km.

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“…For men, runners from Belgium, Canada and Japan became slower. Between 1998 and 2011, the ten best race times were achieved by Japanese runners for both women with ~457 min and men with ~393 min [14]. In ultra-marathons longer than the 100 km, athletes from other countries seemed to dominate participation and performance.…”

Section: Where Do Ultra-marathoners Originate From?mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In ultra-marathon running, however, athletes from other regions were dominating both participation and performance. For example, in 100-km ultra-marathons, most of the finishers originated from Europe, in particular from France [14]. The number of finishers from Japan, Germany, Italy, Poland and the United States of America increased exponentially between 1998 and 2011.…”

Section: Where Do Ultra-marathoners Originate From?mentioning

confidence: 99%