An improved temporal formulation of pupal transpiration in Glossina

Abstract

The temporal aspect of a model of pupal dehydration is improved upon. The observed dependence of pupal transpiration on time is attributed to an alternation between two, essential modes, for which the deposition of a thin, pupal skin inside the puparium and its subsequent demise are thought to be responsible. For each mode of transpiration, the results of the Bursell investigation into pupal dehydration are used as a rudimentary data set. These data are generalised to all temperatures and humidities by invoking the property of multiplicative separability. The problem, then, is that as the temperature varies with time, so does the metabolism and the developmental stages to which the model data pertain, must necessarily warp. The puparial-duration formula of Phelps and Burrows and Hargrove is exploited to facilitate a mapping between the constant-temperature time domain of the data and that of some, more general case at hand. The resulting, Glossina morsitans model is extrapolated to other species using their relative surface areas, their relative protected and unprotected transpiration rates and their different fourth instar excretions (drawing, to a lesser extent, from the data of Buxton and Lewis). In this way the problem of pupal dehydration is formulated as a series of integrals and the consequent survival can be predicted. The discovery of a distinct definition for hygrophilic species, within the formulation, prompts the investigation of the hypothetical effect of a two-day heat wave on pupae. This leads to the conclusion that the classification of species as hygrophilic, mesophilic and xerophilic is largely true only in so much as their third and fourth instars are and, possibly, the hours shortly before eclosion.

Near Infrared Imaging As a Method of Studying Tsetse Fly (Diptera: Glossinidae) Pupal Development

“… Jackson (1949) and Phelps and Burrows (1969a , b ) [discussed by Hargrove (2003) and Childs (2011) ], e.g., describe a linear relationship between temperature during pupation and length of the pupal period—pupae kept in warmer environments have significantly shorter pupal periods. Hargrove (1990) discusses the impact of pupal dehydration as a driver of early-stage pupal mortality and pupal water balance is modeled as a function of time by Childs (2009 , 2012 ). A method of viewing structures of the growing fly without interrupting development can give further insight into what effects these environmental conditions have, and at what stage of pupation.…”