A model of teneral dehydration in Glossina

Abstract

The results of a long-established investigation into teneral transpiration are used as a rudi

TrypanosomaInfection Rates inGlossinaSpecies in Mtito Andei Division, Makueni County, Kenya

“…G. longipennis was the only fusca group of flies trapped in Mtito Andei and is known to occur in other Eastern Africa countries such as Uganda, Tanzania, and Ethiopia [ 2 , 24 ]. This species is found in drier areas more than any other tsetse of fusca group because the puparium contains large water reserves and a low permeability of its pupal membranes which helps it to survive harsh environmental conditions [ 25 , 26 ]. The typical habitats for this fly are dry thorn bush riverline thickets near acacia woodlands and the resting sites are preferably shady sites of tree trunks, logs, and underside of branches of multistemmed trees [ 24 ].…”

An improved temporal formulation of pupal transpiration in Glossina

“…4-9 as an indicator of soil moisture content. Some caution still needs to be exercised, as Childs [10] reveals why the highly eccentric strategy of G. brevipalpis (Fig. 7) succeeds, as well as how the equally contradictory pupal and adult strategies of G. longipennis perfectly complement those of G. brevipalpis.…”

“…Since pupal dehydration would appear to be the most challenging aspect of modelling early stage mortality, the prognosis for this model would be one of greater significance than any problems arising from issues such as inferior quality pupae and differing puparial durations and the shortage of statistically significant data can be corrected at some stage. It is with the remainder of the pupal reserves that the newly-eclosed teneral fly either hops onto a hock, for example, at sunset [23] or more likely, waits through the night until dawn to feed; the topic of [10].…”

“…E-mail address: simonjohnchilds@gmail.com decide the fate of the teneral and the significance of pupal dehydration only becomes clear in the context of the model for teneral dehydration [10]. Pupal stage mortality is of still greater relevance in the context of control measures, since the pupal stage is neither susceptible to targets, nor aerial spraying.…”

“…Transpiration continues after eclosion up until the moment the teneral fly has its first meal. The ultimate effect of cumulative water loss on a given cohort is therefore likely to be best assessed in terms of the proportion of original larvae which have sufficient reserves to achieve their first feed as tenerals (the hypothesis of Childs, 2014). Combined dehydration and fat loss are thought to culminate in significant early mortality and, while rates of teneral dehydration are generally several times higher than those characterising the pupal stage (Bursell, 1958 and1959), the pupal rates prevail many times longer.…”