Abstract:Abstract-The virtual output impedance loop is known as an effective way to enhance the load sharing stability and quality of droop-controlled parallel inverters. This paper proposes an improved design of virtual output impedance loop for parallel three-phase voltage source inverters. In the approach, a virtual output impedance loop based on the decomposition of inverter output current is developed, where the positive-and negativesequence virtual impedances are synthesized separately. Thus, the negative-sequenc… Show more
“…From t 5 to t 6 , it is possible to see the effect of circulating currents which increase the Error value temporarily. The circulating currents appear due to differences in the gridforming units at the time they are connected in parallel [48]. The difference appears because the ESSs are not completely equalized and the open circuit voltages of the batteries are nor the same.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…At t 2 : ESS1 is connected and instantaneous circulating currents appear due to the parallel connection of grid-forming units as can be seen in Fig. 22(d) [48]. At t 3 : RES2 is put off-line and the power balance task performed by the ESS is correspondingly adjusted.…”
For reliable operation of an islanded microgrid, at least one of its distributed resources should assume the responsibility of forming the off-grid power system. This responsibility is usually assumed by energy storage systems based on their capability of compensating the unbalance between generation and consumption. However, the storage units lose this capability when they reach the maximum and minimum limits of charge. Under these conditions, the regulation of the power grid may be assumed by another unit with enough capability or the power balance should be adjusted coordinately. This paper proposes a coordination architecture for islanded ac microgrids, which considers the appropriate charge profiles for battery-based energy storage systems. The architecture is based on distributed decisionmaking mechanisms, which use only local measurements for determining the operation mode of each unit independently. The coordination relies on a bus-signalling method, which enables the distributed units to have a global perception about the operation of the microgrid, without any communication infrastructure. The proposed architecture includes cooperative operation between distributed energy storage systems for achieving the equalization of the states of charge. Experimental results in a lab-scale microgrid with network configuration validate the proposed strategy under different operational conditions.
“…From t 5 to t 6 , it is possible to see the effect of circulating currents which increase the Error value temporarily. The circulating currents appear due to differences in the gridforming units at the time they are connected in parallel [48]. The difference appears because the ESSs are not completely equalized and the open circuit voltages of the batteries are nor the same.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…At t 2 : ESS1 is connected and instantaneous circulating currents appear due to the parallel connection of grid-forming units as can be seen in Fig. 22(d) [48]. At t 3 : RES2 is put off-line and the power balance task performed by the ESS is correspondingly adjusted.…”
For reliable operation of an islanded microgrid, at least one of its distributed resources should assume the responsibility of forming the off-grid power system. This responsibility is usually assumed by energy storage systems based on their capability of compensating the unbalance between generation and consumption. However, the storage units lose this capability when they reach the maximum and minimum limits of charge. Under these conditions, the regulation of the power grid may be assumed by another unit with enough capability or the power balance should be adjusted coordinately. This paper proposes a coordination architecture for islanded ac microgrids, which considers the appropriate charge profiles for battery-based energy storage systems. The architecture is based on distributed decisionmaking mechanisms, which use only local measurements for determining the operation mode of each unit independently. The coordination relies on a bus-signalling method, which enables the distributed units to have a global perception about the operation of the microgrid, without any communication infrastructure. The proposed architecture includes cooperative operation between distributed energy storage systems for achieving the equalization of the states of charge. Experimental results in a lab-scale microgrid with network configuration validate the proposed strategy under different operational conditions.
“…The microgrid returns to the tactic Power Balance. The equalization algorithm ensures that any difference in the SoC's caused by circulating currents, that may appear when the ESSs re-assume the grid-forming role, is restored to zero [53]. The effect of circulating currents in the error signal can be seen as a small peak marked by the box B1 drawn in the error signal of Fig.…”
“…Their active and reactive powers can be regulated by varying the system frequency and their respective terminal voltages. The same principle can be applied to power converters but does not work well when single-phase or three-phase unbalanced loads exist [10], [11]. Typically, the unbalanced load currents flow through the line and converter impedances, giving rise to unbalanced terminal voltages which can trip off sensitive loads.…”
Abstract-Four-leg DC-AC power converters are widely used for the power grids to manage grid voltage unbalance caused by the interconnection of single-phase or three-phase unbalanced loads. These converters can further be connected in parallel to increase the overall power rating. The control of these converters poses a particular challenge if they are placed far apart with no links between them (e.g. in islanded microgrids). This challenge is studied in this paper with each four-leg converter designed to have improved common current sharing and selective voltage quality enhancement. The common current sharing, including zero sequence component, is necessary since loads are spread over the microgrid and they are hence the common responsibility of all converters. The voltage quality enhancement consideration should however be more selective since different loads have different sensitivity levels towards voltage disturbances. Converters connected to the more sensitive load buses should therefore be selectively triggered for compensation when voltage unbalances at their protected buses exceed the predefined thresholds. The proposed scheme is therefore different from conventional centralized schemes protecting only a common bus. Simulation and experimental results obtained have verified the effectiveness of the proposed scheme when applied to a four-wire islanded microgrid.
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