An Imported Case of Dengue Fever in Iran, 2015

Baniasadi, Vahid; Salehi‐Vaziri, Mostafa; Jalali, Tahmineh; Azad-Manjiri, Sanam; Mohammadi, Tahereh; Khakifirouz, Sahar; Fazlalipour, Mehdi

doi:10.21859/isv.10.1.31

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…These observations may support a hypothesis according to which WNV has dispersed across states, affecting localities adjacent to infected areas [ 35 ]. The argument is further strengthened if we consider the transmission route of WNV, which is similar to that of other mosquito-borne viruses such as dengue and yellow fever [ 36 ]. The interstate spread of WNV may be quite easy and rapid, since it can be transmitted through a broad range of vectors and reservoirs [ 37 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution Pattern and Prevalence of West Nile Virus Infection in Nigeria; 1950 to 2020 Systematic Review

et al. 2020

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West Nile virus (WNV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne and zoonotic viral infection which is largely underestimated in Nigeria. This study sought to determine the pooled prevalence pattern and risk factors of WNV infection among humans and animals in Nigeria. Methods: A systematic review of eligible articles was conducted from "PubMed", "Scopus", "Google Scholar" and "Web of Science", from 1 st January 1950 to 30 th August 2020. Peer-reviewed articles describing WNV infection of humans and animals in cross-sectional studies were systematically reviewed and analyzed. Cochrane Q was used to determine the heterogeneity of studies reports. Results: About 61.5% human studies had low risk of bias. Howewer, all had high heterogeneity. Southwestern Nigeria had the highest pooled prevalence of anti-WNV IgM, 7.8% in humans. The pooled WNV IgM and IgG seroprevalence were 7.1% (95% CI: 5.9-8.3) and 76.5% (95% CI: 74.0-78.8), respectively. The WNV RNA prevalence was 1.9% (95% CI: 1.4-2.9), while 14.3% (95% CI: 12.9-15.8) had WNV neutralizing antibodies. In animals, the pooled WNV IgM and IgG seroprevalence were 90.3% (95% CI: 84.3-94.6) and 3.5% (95% CI: 1.9-5.8), respectively while 20.0% (95% CI: 12.9-21.4) had WNV neutralizing antibodies. Age (OR=3.73, 95% CI: 1.87-7.45; p=0.0002) and level of education [no formal education (OR=4.31, CI: 1.08-17.2; E p u b a h e a d o f p r i n t 2 p=0.0386), primary (OR=7.29, 95% CI: 1.80-29.6; p=0.0054)], were significant risk factors of WNV IgM seropositivity in humans. Conclusion: Findings from this study highlighted the endemicity of WNV infection in animals and humans in Nigeria and underscored the need for "One health" prevention and control approach against WNV infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and Yellow Fever [19]. The inter-state spread of WNV can be much easier and fast as it can be transmitted through a broad range of vectors and reservoirs [20].…”

Section: E P U B a H E A D O F P R I N Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution Pattern and Prevalence of West Nile Virus Infection in Nigeria; 1950 to 2020 Systematic Review

et al. 2020

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“…The transmission of HIV and HBV depends on effective human-to-human contacts, which acts as a barrier for virus dispersion over large geographic distances. However, similar to other arboviruses like Dengue and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever [93, 94], the cross-country spread of WNV can be much easier and fast as it can be transmitted through a broad range of vectors and reservoirs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of West Nile Virus in the Eastern Mediterranean region: A systematic review

et al. 2019

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BackgroundWest Nile Virus (WNV), a member of the genus Flavivirus, is one of the most widely distributed arboviruses in the world. Despite some evidence for circulation of WNV in countries summarized by the World Health Organization as the Eastern Mediterrian Regional Office (EMRO), comprehensive knowledge about its epidemiology remains largely unknown. This study aims to provide a concise review of the published literature on WNV infections in the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office of WHO (EMRO).Methodology/principal findingsA systematic review of WNV prevalence studies on humans, animals and vectors in the EMRO region was performed by searching: Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar. Finally, 77 citations were included, comprising 35 seroprevalence studies on general population (24460 individuals), 15 prevalence studies among patients (3439 individuals), 22 seroprevalence studies among animals (10309 animals), and 9 studies on vectors (184242 vector species). Of the 22 countries in this region, five had no data on WNV infection among different populations. These countries include Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, Syria and Somalia. On the other hand, among countries with available data, WNV-specific antibodies were detected in the general population of all investigated countries including Djibouti (0.3–60%), Egypt (1–61%), Iran (0–30%), Iraq (11.6–15.1%), Jordan (8%), Lebanon (0.5–1%), Libya (2.3%), Morocco (0–18.8%), Pakistan (0.6–65.0%), Sudan (2.2–47%), and Tunisia (4.3–31.1%). WNV RNA were also detected in patient populations of Iran (1.2%), Pakistan (33.3%), and Tunisia (5.3% –15.9%). WNV-specific antibodies were also detected in a wide range of animal species. The highest seropositivity rate was observed among equids (100% in Morocco) and dogs (96% in Morocco). The highest seroprevalence among birds was seen in Tunisia (23%). In addition, WNV infection was detected in mosquitoes (Culex, and Aedes) and ticks (Argas reflexus hermanni). The primary vector of WNV (Culex pipiens s.l.) was detected in Djibouti, Egypt, Iran and Tunisia, and in mosquitoes of all these countries, WNV was demonstrated.ConclusionsThis first systematic regional assessment of WNV prevalence provides evidence to support the circulation of WNV in the EMRO region as nearly all studies showed evidence of WNV infection in human as well as animal/vector populations. These findings highlight the need for continued prevention and control strategies and the collection of epidemiologic data for WNV epidemic status, especially in countries that lack reliable surveillance systems.

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“…Similarly, two Iranians with confirmed DENV had a history of travel to Malaysia, during years of comparably high-infection rates (2009 and 2011, respectively) [61]. Another imported case of DENV into Iran was reported in 2015, when a patient with recent history of travel to India was admitted to a hospital with signs and symptoms of the disease and subsequently tested positive for DENV 2, genotype 4, similar to the strain isolated from patients in India [16]. These studies provide evidence on how international travel can have an impact on disease spread from endemic countries.…”

Section: Dengue Virus Situation In Iranmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several vectors of VBVDs including mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, and rodents have been identified and are known to inhabit the natural fauna of Iran. Mosquitoes are known to be vectors for several medically significant public health VBVDs [13,14] including Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) [15], Dengue virus (DENV) [16], and West Nile virus (WNV) [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medically Significant Vector-Borne Viral Diseases in Iran

Paquette,

Simon,

XIII

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

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Vector-borne viral diseases (VBVDs) continue to pose a considerable public health risk to animals and humans globally. Vectors have integral roles in autochthonous circulation and dissemination of VBVDs worldwide. The interplay of agricultural activities, population expansion, urbanization, host/pathogen evolution, and climate change, all contribute to the continual flux in shaping the epidemiology of VBVDs. In recent decades, VBVDs, once endemic to particular countries, have expanded into new regions such as Iran and its neighbors, increasing the risk of outbreaks and other public health concerns. Both Iran and its neighboring countries are known to host a number of VBVDs that are endemic to these countries or newly circulating. The proximity of Iran to countries hosting regional diseases, along with increased global socioeconomic activities, e.g., international trade and travel, potentially increases the risk for introduction of new VBVDs into Iran. In this review, we examined the epidemiology of numerous VBVDs circulating in Iran, such as Chikungunya virus, Dengue virus, Sindbis virus, West Nile virus, Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Sandfly-borne phleboviruses, and Hantavirus, in relation to their vectors, specifically mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, and rodents. In addition, we discussed the interplay of factors, e.g., urbanization and climate change on VBVD dissemination patterns and the consequent public health risks in Iran, highlighting the importance of a One Health approach to further surveil and to evolve mitigation strategies.

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An Imported Case of Dengue Fever in Iran, 2015

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

Distribution Pattern and Prevalence of West Nile Virus Infection in Nigeria; 1950 to 2020 Systematic Review

Distribution Pattern and Prevalence of West Nile Virus Infection in Nigeria; 1950 to 2020 Systematic Review

Epidemiology of West Nile Virus in the Eastern Mediterranean region: A systematic review

Medically Significant Vector-Borne Viral Diseases in Iran

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