Distribution Pattern and Prevalence of West Nile Virus Infection in Nigeria; 1950 to 2020 Systematic Review

Abdullahi, Idris Nasir; Emeribe, Anthony Uchenna; Ghamba, Peter Elisha; Omosigho, Pius Omoruyi; Bello, Zakariyya Muhammad; Oderinde, Bamidele Soji; Fasogbon, Samuel Ayobami; Olayemi, Lawal; Daneji, Isa Muhammad; Musa, Muhammad Hamis; Nwofe, Justin Onyebuchi; Onukegbe, Nkechi Blessing; Okume, Chukwudi Crescent; Musa, Shuaibu Saidu; Gwarzo, Abubakar Muhammad; Ajagbe, Odunayo Rahmat

doi:10.4178/epih.e2020071

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…The first confirmed cases of dengue fever acquired in Benin were reported in 2010; since then, few cases have been reported [ 17 ]. Endemicity of WNV in animals and humans has been reported in Nigeria, a country neighboring Benin [ 18 ], but we found no case reports of WNV infections from Benin in the literature, including in returning travelers: so it will be the first report. While dengue is transmitted during the day by the bite of a mosquito of the genus Aedes , WNV is transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Culex which have a nocturnal activity like the anopheles which transmit malaria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Non-traumatic coma in young children in Benin: are viral and bacterial infections gaining ground on cerebral malaria?

et al. 2022

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Background While malaria morbidity and mortality have declined since 2000, viral central nervous system infections appear to be an important, underestimated cause of coma in malaria-endemic Eastern Africa. We aimed to describe the etiology of non-traumatic comas in young children in Benin, as well as their management and early outcomes, and to identify factors associated with death. Methods From March to November 2018, we enrolled all HIV-negative children aged between 2 and 6 years, with a Blantyre Coma Score ≤ 2, in this prospective observational study. Children were screened for malaria severity signs and assessed using a systematic diagnostic protocol, including blood cultures, malaria diagnostics, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis using multiplex PCR. To determine factors associated with death, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results From 3244 admissions, 84 children were included: malaria was diagnosed in 78, eight of whom had a viral or bacterial co-infection. Six children had a non-malarial infection or no identified cause. The mortality rate was 29.8% (25/84), with 20 children dying in the first 24 h. Co-infected children appeared to have a poorer prognosis. Of the 76 children who consulted a healthcare professional before admission, only 5 were prescribed adequate antimalarial oral therapy. Predictors of early death were jaundice or increased bilirubin [odd ratio (OR)= 8.6; 95% confidential interval (CI): 2.03–36.1] and lactate > 5 mmol/L (OR = 5.1; 95% CI: 1.49–17.30). Antibiotic use before admission (OR = 0.1; 95% CI: 0.02–0.85) and vaccination against yellow fever (OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.05–0.79) protected against mortality. Conclusions Infections were found in all children who died, and cerebral malaria was by far the most common cause of non-traumatic coma. Missed opportunities to receive early effective antimalarial treatment were common. Other central nervous system infections must be considered in their management. Some factors that proved to be protective against early death were unexpected.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Non-traumatic coma in young children in Benin: are viral and bacterial infections gaining ground on cerebral malaria?

et al. 2022

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“…Despite several reports of WNV epidemics in Sudan [ 60 , 61 , 62 ] and a recent detection of the virus from wild mosquitoes in Khartoum, there are no prevalence reports among equids. In Nigeria, where the virus was isolated from humans in 1973 [ 63 ], it has become an increasingly-recognized public health issue across this most populous African nation [ 64 , 65 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Scoping Review of West Nile Virus Seroprevalence Studies among African Equids

2021

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West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging and re-emerging zoonotic flavivirus first identified in and endemic to Africa. The virus is transmitted between birds by biting mosquitoes, with equids and humans being incidental hosts. The majority of infected incidental hosts display no or only mild clinical signs, but a fraction develop encephalitis. The aim of this scoping review was to identify and evaluate primary research on the presence of antibodies to WNV among African equids. Three bibliographic databases and the grey literature were searched. Of 283 articles identified, only 16 satisfied all the inclusion criteria. Data were collated on study design and outcomes. The overall seroprevalence reported ranged from 17.4 to 90.3%, with 1998 (35%) of the 5746 horses, donkeys and mules having screened positive for WNV antibodies. Several articles determined that seroprevalence increased significantly with age. Due to co-circulation of other flaviviruses in Africa, in the majority of studies that screened samples by ELISA, positive results were confirmed using a more specific neutralization test. However, only eight studies tested against other flaviviruses, including Potiskum, Uganda S, Wesselsbron and yellow fever virus in one, Japanese encephalitis and Usutu virus (USUV) in one, tick-borne encephalitis and USUV in one and USUV only in three. Equids are regarded as useful sentinel animals for WNV, but variation in study design poses challenges when trying to determine risk factors for, and trends in, WNV seroprevalence.

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“…Another important arboviral infection that belongs to the Flavivirus genus is West Nile virus. West Nile virus usually persists in the zoonotic transmission cycle between birds and mosquitoes, specifically Culex species [8] , where reptiles, mammals, amphibians, and other vertebrates are susceptible to the virus [9] . West Nile virus was first identified in an East African country (Uganda) in 1937, where it further spread to other countries because of international travels, land use, and globalization.…”

Section: Flaviviridaementioning

confidence: 99%

Arboviruses, an Emerging Threat to Public Health: Focus on Nigeria, West Africa

Adesola

Ibrahim²

2022

IEM

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Backgrounds: For centuries, arboviruses have been spreading like a wildfire across the world, especially in developing countries like Nigeria with inadequate diagnostic and disease surveillance facilities, causing infinite death and suffering in human and animal populations. Therefore, this study aimed to discuss the impact of arboviruses on public health with a focus on Nigeria and West Africa. Materials & Methods: About 100 research articles were downloaded from online journal databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and African Journals OnLine (AJOL) with the following keywords: arboviruses, emerging, public health importance, Nigeria, and Africa. Findings: A total of 50 articles were used to write this review after a thorough screening. Arboviral infections caused by yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, West Nile, dengue, and chikungunya viruses were reported in Nigeria and discovered based on seroprevalence studies. Conclusion: Hemorrhagic fever, abortion, neonatal death, and decreased production in livestock are the most obvious features of arboviral infections; therefore, they are of public health and economic importance. Thus, there is a need to strengthen and refurbish the healthcare system in the country by employing preventive and control measures, vaccination campaigns, and other strategies to prevent the occurrence of diseases in the future.

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Distribution Pattern and Prevalence of West Nile Virus Infection in Nigeria; 1950 to 2020 Systematic Review

Cited by 9 publications

References 41 publications

Non-traumatic coma in young children in Benin: are viral and bacterial infections gaining ground on cerebral malaria?

Non-traumatic coma in young children in Benin: are viral and bacterial infections gaining ground on cerebral malaria?

A Scoping Review of West Nile Virus Seroprevalence Studies among African Equids

Arboviruses, an Emerging Threat to Public Health: Focus on Nigeria, West Africa

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