An HPLC method for levofloxacin determination and its application in biomedical analysis

Analytical Methods for Determining Third and Fourth Generation Fluoroquinolones: A Review

“…These techniques are well suited due to the solubility of LEVO in water. The most common applied detectors are UV [ 18 – 25 ] and FLD [ 20 , 26 – 31 ]. However, if the lower level of quantification is required, mass detection (MS) can be applied [ 32 – 35 ].…”

“…TEA is an ion pair reagent added to water that improves the shape of the peak. Its content does not exceed 1%, and the pH of the mobile phase is slightly acidic [ 19 , 21 , 25 , 26 , 31 , 36 ]. The proper pH value is shifted with orthophosphoric acid.…”

“…The other polar constituent might be the phosphate buffer consisting of either sodium or potassium phosphates in the following range of concentrations 10–30 mM [ 19 , 24 , 29 , 36 ]. The most common organic solvent in HPLC separation is acetonitrile (ACN) [ 20 – 22 , 25 – 27 , 29 – 31 , 33 , 35 , 36 ]. Its content is within the range 14–43% for isocratic elution [ 20 – 22 , 25 , 26 , 31 , 36 ] and is also applied in gradient elution; however, in this case the content of ACN varies in time [ 27 , 33 , 35 ].…”

“…The most common organic solvent in HPLC separation is acetonitrile (ACN) [ 20 – 22 , 25 – 27 , 29 – 31 , 33 , 35 , 36 ]. Its content is within the range 14–43% for isocratic elution [ 20 – 22 , 25 , 26 , 31 , 36 ] and is also applied in gradient elution; however, in this case the content of ACN varies in time [ 27 , 33 , 35 ]. The high content of ACN is characteristic for separation on a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) column where the content of organic solvent is higher than 80% [ 32 ].…”

“…All aforementioned techniques require proper sample preconditioning. The following matrices may be used: serum [ 26 , 43 ], plasma [ 20 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 45 ], blood [ 30 ], urine [ 23 , 38 , 43 – 45 ], sputum [ 36 ], tissues [ 33 – 35 ], bone [ 21 ], bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) [ 21 ], bile [ 30 ], water [ 40 ], dialysate [ 28 ], reaction mixture [ 19 ], and pharmaceutical formulation [ 18 , 22 , 25 , 39 , 41 – 43 , 45 , 46 ]. For protein precipitation, an extraction step, dilution is typically applied prior to analysis.…”